A Deadly Realization Essay -- essays research papers

A Deadly Realization     I walked into school around 825, curl out of bed only a half hour before. I wiped the rain from my pillowcase, I hate when it rains. As usual, I strolled in with a occasional walk, like I was the coolest, because I could come in late every morning since I had no starting signal period class. The first person I saw as I walked through the cafeteria toward the staircase was Louise. Usually an outgoing and crazy person, she strikes many as being on crack. She calmly and quietly verbalize "hey", with her face to the floor, not even looking at me. On my way up the staircase to my locker, I passed my good friend Mike. He looked me in the face and said, "Did you hear?" I replied with intense wonder of what the latest gossip at Shoreham-Wading River High School could be. "No", I replied, "what happened?" "Youll find out at the assembly." I had a few minutes before second period began, so I walked to th e library, and pulled up a seat across from my friend Kevin. "Whats up, I perceive we have an assembly this morning." "Yeah, I think two juniors got in an accident last night, further I heard theyre all ok." I jokingly responded, "Well, at least periods are shorter." He gave me a tiny smirk, silently telling me we shouldnt be laughing over such a horrible thing.     The bell rang, and first period ended. Dr. Hayward the principal came over the loudspeaker, "All students please report to the auditorium." Kevin and I got up, and joined the crowd slowly squeezing into the auditorium through the two open doors. I looked around and saw a group of my best friends sitting together. Katie had her head on Louises shoulder, and Mike and Kyle sat there with a blank stare on their faces. I made my way into a seat, and looked at everyone, "Hey guys." No one responded, not even a look. By this point, I was scared at what news show I m ight hear. I didnt know what to be thinking. For everyone to be so upset, it must be really serious. I looked around. Everyone had a look of wonder on their face, or they were crying, or just didnt know what to think. I didnt know what to think. I had neer seen my friends like this before. Never have I seen Mike so serious, he would laugh if I got run over by a car. But this time was different for sur... ...ast person I knew that would take their own life. He ever seemed happy, never missed a good laugh, and evermore walked around with a smile on his face.     On the last day of school, the senior class deep-rooted a tree in his honor. It was strange, only about twenty kids showed up. Those that felt really close to Wes. I think to those few, Wes will never really die, and hell always be there. Often times, when Im upset about something, I remember what happened to Wes, and realize, things can be much, much worse.     That night, I drove down Wess street with a raft of my friends. We each began to talk of our fondest memories of Wes, of all our memories of Wes. His smile was unforgettable, and his personality the kindest. Ill never forget that last thing Wes told me. "Ill see you on Monday." I never saw Wes that Monday, and Ill never forgive myself for not making more of that night with him. I think one really important thing that I learned from Wes, is to treat habitual of your life as if it may be your last. Ive heard that line so many times before, I never really thought about it, but now, I hope to never forget it.

chinese religous and ethical systems :: essays research papers

Chinese Religious and Ethical SystemsIt has often been said that the Chinese are not deeply religious. It is true that they reserve sh knowledge a comparative indifference to metaphysical speculation Chinese culture was perhaps the first to develop an intellectual skepticism concerning the gods.ConfucianismConfucius (Kong Zi) lived from 551 to 479 BC in the advance of Lu (in modem Shandong province). He came from a family of officials and his concern was with the restoration of the Way (Dao) of the ancient sages. His teaching was therefore colligate mainly to society and its government. He advocated strict conformity, and prospect that fostering correct behavior, within the context of the family, would produce an ordered society. He was not particularly interested in religion, except insofar as it related to social life. However, in 59 AD during the Han dynasty, it was decreed that sacrifice should be made to Confucius and this began a process that was to make Confucian philosop hy into the foundation of the Chinese political order. Confucius himself had only accepted the legitimacy of sacrifice to ones own ancestors, and from now on an official Confucian cult emerged, with its own temples. It gradually became colligate with the state cult of the Emperor. From the fifth century AD Confucian orthodoxy retreated before the popularity of Buddhism and Daoism. But a renaissance came during the Sung dynasty when Confucianism responded to the challenge and developed its own metaphysics. This new trend is known as Neo-Confucianism, and its main exponent was Zhu Xi (1130-1200). It subsequently became the main orthodoxy of the scholar officials until the demise of the imperial system in 1912. In contemporary China, the Confucian cult has disappeared, but the Confucian approach to government and society retains a powerful hold on many people.Daoism (Taoism)The origins of Daoism are obscure, but it is first seen as a rival to Confucianism. The teachings of early Taoi sm are ascribed to Lao Zi in the fifth century BC who is the reputed author of the most influential Taoist text, the Dao De Jing (The Way and its Power). Where the Confucian stressed ethical action, the Taoist spoke of the virtue of Wu Wei (non-action), going with the flow of things. Like the Confucians, Daoists looked back to a golden age. The good ruler, they thought, control his people with humility, not seeking to interfere with the rhythms of social life conducted within the larger patterns of the natural world and the whole cosmos.

Terror and Protection :: essays research papers fc

Winston Churchill once said Never, never, never believe any war testament be smooth and easy, or that anyone who embarks on the strange voyage posterior measure the tides and hurricanes he will encounter. The statesman who yields to war fever must realize that once the signal is given, he is no longer the master of policy but the slave of unforeseeable and uncontrollable events. Today some people believe that should America just withdraw from all of its military engagements and then act of terrorism would just disappear. This however is not the answer. While many disagree on foreign policy I wish to discuss domestic protection. An internally ironlike nation will produce an equally strong outward nation. For this reason I believe many more safety precautions should be instituted to keep us safe not only in the public sector but in the private sector. Today numerous prospective radical targets include skyscrapers, airports and thermonuclear power plants. Each of these is suscept ible in its own manner and as such each can be defended. With added security any potential impairment must become no damage. The methods in which this can be done will be outlined in the subsequent paragraphs.Presently the first and some problematic area in security are airports. Last sunday A Kentucky woman, carrying a handgun made it past security screeners and almost boarded a plane with the sleeve. Airport police were alerted to the situation when the woman realized her mistake and reported it herself (Kuo). Mishaps such as this cannot be tolerated within airport safety. How do you put down a gun within a passengers carry-on luggage? This woman did it with ease by accident imagine what someone who had meaningly brought a weapon on to a plane could do. Airport security emplyees should be scrupulously certified with competency tests as well as identity verification. To keep another(prenominal) 9-11 from taking place FAA must rigorously curb access to planes, and other faciliti es in and around airports. The FAA must also meticulously perform more well(p) background checks. Every passengers name should be run in legal and terrorist databases to also prevent any disasters. Every flight, domestic or non domestic should have armed air marshals on it. Initially this was done following September 11th but was phased out due to the cost. If these unsubdivided precautions are employed flying will become much safer.Many believe that if a passenger has a through background check it will impede his rights to privacy.

Machu Picchu Essay -- essays research papers

Machu Picchu is a physical sign of the culture that created it. It is located in the Andes Mountains in Peru, South America, high above the Urubamba River canon Cloud Forest. The Incan capital, Cuzco, the closest major city, is forty three miles north-west of this landmark. Machu Picchu is five square miles and eighteen square kilometers in size. This ancient civilization has an peak of eight thousand feet and is surrounded by towering green mountains. Although cover in dense bush, it had many agricultural terraces that were sufficient enough to feed the population. referable to water from the natural springs as well as the agricultural terraces, it had the king to be self-contained. Machu Picchu was created by the Inca culture for the purpose of religious observance. In order to soma this city, the Incans used stone tools, bronze tools, and chisels. The materials they used were mud, clay, adobe, and granite blocks. Each block weighed lambert tons They would thatch the roofs with tree trunks and straw. After the buildings were constructed, the Incan people would fluid the stones with sand, mud, and clay to make the structures look polished. The people who inhabited this ancient put considered it to be magical because of the Andes Mountains and the Amazon River. The Temple of the Condor was a place of worship where the signal of the condor was used as an altar for sacrifices. The Intihuatana is a column of stone that is ascending from a block of stone. As winter approached, a priest held a sacrament to prevent the sun from disappearing. Intihuatana means for tying the sun and hitching post of the sun. Intihuatanas in other Incan civilizations were destroyed by the Spanish. However, the Spanish never found Machu Picchu, th... ... was notice by Hiram Bingham, an American, who lived from 1875-1956. He went to Princeton, Yale, and got a PhD from Harvard. Bingham was a military officer, governor of computed axial tomography and a US senator. He misto ok it for the long lost Inca capital of Vilcabamba. Machu Picchu was discovered on July 24th, 1911. When discovered Hiram Bingham tell, I was left speechless. Scientists can surmise about who built it, who lived there, and wherefore it was abandoned and forgotten, but they still are not one cardinal percent sure. Machu Picchu was used for religious observance, astronomical observation, a royal retreat, and a secret ceremonial city. Therefore, I have partially proved my thesis. I said that Machu Picchu was created by the Inca culture for religious observance. Machu Picchu was used for that and many other things and that is why it is such an amazing civilization. Machu Picchu Essay -- essays research papersMachu Picchu is a physical symbol of the culture that created it. It is located in the Andes Mountains in Peru, South America, high above the Urubamba River Canyon Cloud Forest. The Incan capital, Cuzco, the closest major city, is forty three miles northwest of this landmark. Machu Picchu is five square miles and eighteen square kilometers in size. This ancient civilization has an altitude of eight thousand feet and is surrounded by towering green mountains. Although covered in dense bush, it had many agricultural terraces that were sufficient enough to feed the population. Due to water from the natural springs as well as the agricultural terraces, it had the ability to be self-contained. Machu Picchu was created by the Inca culture for the purpose of religious observance. In order to build this city, the Incans used stone tools, bronze tools, and chisels. The materials they used were mud, clay, adobe, and granite blocks. Each block weighed fifty tons They would thatch the roofs with tree trunks and straw. After the buildings were constructed, the Incan people would smooth the stones with sand, mud, and clay to make the structures look polished. The people who inhabited this ancient site considered it to be magical because of the Andes Mo untains and the Amazon River. The Temple of the Condor was a place of worship where the head of the condor was used as an altar for sacrifices. The Intihuatana is a column of stone that is rising from a block of stone. As winter approached, a priest held a ceremony to prevent the sun from disappearing. Intihuatana means for tying the sun and hitching post of the sun. Intihuatanas in other Incan civilizations were destroyed by the Spanish. However, the Spanish never found Machu Picchu, th... ... was discovered by Hiram Bingham, an American, who lived from 1875-1956. He went to Princeton, Yale, and got a PhD from Harvard. Bingham was a military officer, governor of Connecticut and a US senator. He mistook it for the long lost Inca capital of Vilcabamba. Machu Picchu was discovered on July 24th, 1911. When discovered Hiram Bingham said, I was left speechless. Scientists can surmise about who built it, who lived there, and why it was abandoned and forgotten, but they still are not one hundred percent sure. Machu Picchu was used for religious observance, astronomical observation, a royal retreat, and a secret ceremonial city. Therefore, I have partially proved my thesis. I said that Machu Picchu was created by the Inca culture for religious observance. Machu Picchu was used for that and many other things and that is why it is such an amazing civilization.

El Nino :: science

El NinoEl Nino has been a reoccurring phenomenon for centuries. Man has only started to hold how much of the worlds weather is effected by it. The term El Nino refers to an irregular warming of the seas surface. During the last 40 years there have been 10 monumental El Nino occurrences. Most affecting the coast of South America. Water temperatures increase along the coast as far as the Galapagos islands. Weak events will emanation the water temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and will have minor impact on fishing. However strong events such as the 1982-83 event will chop off climate conditions around the world as well as local conditions. It has been linked to floods and droughts all over the world. Hurricanes and tropical storms are also altered in their numbers by El Nino. Therefore it would be very helpful for people if El Nino could be predicted and prepared for in some form. During a El Nino cycle there are many biological changes. Due to a depressed thermocline there is less photosynthetic activity resulting in a cliff in the primary life forms that form the beginning of the food chain. The warmer waters that are brought by these changing cycles hold less dissolved group O forcing fish to go deeper or venture elsewhere. Due to a lack of data during El Nino occurrences it is not fully known if fish populations are blue solely due to exposure to El Nino. A decrease in their growth and reproductive success has been observed by many surveys in coastal waters. The link between climatic effects around the world and El Nino is now well established. It has taken many years of studying to understand how the pieces of the puzzle, from maritime currents to winds and heavy rains fit together. During the 1920s a scientist was on assignment in India trying to predict the Asian monsoons. As he sorted through his records he discovered a connection between barometer readings at stations on the eastern and western sides of the Pacific. He noticed that when pressure rises in the west it ordinarily falls in the east and vice versa. He coined this term Southern Oscillation. When it is on its high index state pressure is high on the eastern side of the Pacific and low on the western side (figure 1). The east west pressure contrast drives easterly surface winds.

El Nino :: science

El NinoEl Nino has been a reoccurring phenomenon for centuries. Man has only started to realize how much of the mankinds weather is constituted by it. The term El Nino refers to an irregular warming of the seas surface. During the last 40 years there have been 10 significant El Nino occurrences. Most touching the coast of South America. Water temperatures increase along the coast as far as the Galapagos islands. Weak events will raise the water temperature 2 to 4 degrees Celsius and will have minor impact on fishing. However strong events such as the 1982-83 event will disrupt climate conditions around the world as well as local conditions. It has been linked to floods and droughts all over the world. Hurricanes and tropical storms atomic number 18 also altered in their numbers by El Nino. Therefore it would be very helpful for people if El Nino could be predicted and prepared for in some form. During a El Nino cycle there are many biological changes. Due to a depressed thermoclin e there is less photosynthetic activity resulting in a decrease in the primary conduct forms that form the beginning of the food chain. The warmer waters that are brought by these changing cycles hold less dissolved oxygen forcing fish to go deeper or venture elsewhere. Due to a lack of data during El Nino occurrences it is not fully known if fish populations are depleted solely due to icon to El Nino. A decrease in their growth and reproductive success has been observed by many surveys in coastal waters. The link between climatical effects around the world and El Nino is now well established. It has taken many years of studying to understand how the pieces of the puzzle, from ocean currents to winds and heavy rains fit together. During the mid-twenties a scientist was on assignment in India trying to predict the Asian monsoons. As he sorted through his records he discovered a data link between barometer readings at stations on the eastwardern and western sides of the Pacific. He noticed that when pressure rises in the west it usually falls in the east and vice versa. He coined this term Southern Oscillation. When it is on its high index state pressure is high on the eastern side of the Pacific and imprint on the western side (figure 1). The east west pressure contrast drives easterly surface winds.

Onganozation Development Essay

Q. Describe the implementation and evaluation feedback for the project. Ans. Alegent Health(AH) conducted six large interventions. USCs researchers contracted to assess the impact of the interventions. They wanted to make an assessment to help the transcription to learn how to leverage further change. The researchers described the perception of change and the employee involvement through the data they collected. Different people and executives were interviwed who were of the opinion that the change process was actually doing well. (Cummings & Worley, 2009, edition 9, p. 201)Overall the majority of persons believed that the DAs were a great energizer for the organization, generated comprehensive strategies and catalyzed important changes. However the strengths of the DAs were mostly felt by top off management while the perception of the DAs was weak in the middle of the organization. The absence of formal change management processes made important resource allotment decisions, tr ade-offs on technology, and coordination of quality processes across the systems more than difficult.When the DA had more community participants, there were broader participation in the discussions, the debates were more intense, and the DA stayed on track. The results from the survey data revealed that the higher percentage of physicians the result was less comprehensive on the other hand when the DA had a high concentration of community participants, the vision was more comprehensive. Overall the DA affected a variety of changes in organization either directly or indirectly.

President Theodore Roosevelt Proclamation and First Inaugural

President Theodore Roosevelt Proclamation and First first Address The Use of Ethos and condolence Lisa Weber ENG 530. 020 Dr. Mollick December 5, 2012 Inaugural addresses usually follow a farewell address given up by the outgoing President. In the book Presidents Creating Presidency full treatment D matchless in Words, Campbell and Jamiesons chapter on Farewell Addresses explain that a farewell address is an anticipatory ritual the address is delivered days, sometimes weeks, before an outgoing chair while lays down the office, an event that does non occur until a successor is sworn in (308).This was not the case for Theodore Roosevelt for there was no pending farewell speeches planned. iniquity-President Roosevelt became hot seat after the unexpected assassi realm of President William McKinley on September 14, 1901. In Campbell and Jamiesons chapter on Special Addresses The Speeches of Ascendant Vice Presidents, they state that in chronicle there pretend been only nine time s where a vice president moved up to president (57). Eight of these incidents involved a president being assassinated and one involved impeachment.Campbell and Jamieson besides acknowledge that the death of any person creates the need for a unique form of symbolic chemical reaction the eulogy and that need for a eulogy even more urgent (57). They affirm that the community is threatened beca engage it has lost its leader the citizenry needs reassurance that common institutions will survive (57). The unexpected death of McKinley left Roosevelt with the responsibility of comforting the nation. Roosevelt was able to reassure the citizens through the process of his First Proclamation.This proclamation could be seen as his first inaugural address to the nation, with the second official inaugural address coming on March 4, 1905. In this paper we will be looking for at two different appeals, pathos and ethos, being used in two totally different addresses. In order to comprehend the use of these rhetorical approaches we need to look at some important information behind the man Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt was a man of many contrives as well as ideals. He was a well educated man more than some of the presidents before him and those who came after him.While attending college his first year studies consisted of Classical Literature, Greek (Plato), Latin (Cicero, Horace), German Language studies, Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry. In his sophomore year he studied magniloquence, business dealingship, while taking the following electives German IV, German V, French IV, subjective archives III and Natural History VIII. The junior year brought him to studying six themes in English, Philosophy with elective courses in German VIII, Italian I, Philosophy VI, Natural History I, and Natural History III.Roosevelts last year consisted of classes in the four forensic themes in English, Italian II, Political Economy II, Natural History IV, and Natural History VI. With all these courses any person could see how strongly educated Roosevelt was and how knowledgeable he was in all areas of academia. With his classes in English and Rhetoric he became eloquent with his linguistics allowing him to compose his own speeches and books. In Speeches of the American Presidents, Janet Podell and Steven Anzovin believed that Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson and Thomas Jefferson were naturally gifted in writing (355).They assert that Roosevelt saw himself as a professional man of letters, and his total output of words, which numbers in the tens of millions, dwarfs that of any other president (355). Through research, many individuals believe that Roosevelt was the main writer of all his speeches. Podell and Anzovin believe that Roosevelt had been known to have dictated them in outline form and that he used his confidants such as Henry Cabot Lodge to look at his speeches and other messages before presenting them (355).In Politics as Performance Art The Bod y English of Theodore Roosevelt, H. W. Brands states that he wore out the stenographers dictating letters, and he wore out clerks reading his messages to Congress and he continues with informing the reader in parentheses that his first message, drafted before McKinley was cold in the grave, weighed in at twenty thousand words (121). In the biographical material that Podell and Anzovin have compiled they inform the reader that Roosevelt was once a sunlight school teacher and saw the political platform as a bully pulpit (356).They also express that Roosevelts tendency in speaking and writing resembles that of a Protestant preacher, as he stresses the importance of walking towards the paths of righteousness and virtue (356). numerous mess did not like the manner to which Roosevelt would present his speeches because he would be seen as being very loud in volume. While walking anchor and forth he can be seen waving his speech around like a maniac man screeching his voice in tones th at were intolerable to some listening.Podell and Anzovin describes William Roscoe Thayer observations to the manner of which Roosevelt dramatized his speeches that some of the listeners were fascinated by his gestures, the way in which his pent-up thoughts seemed almost to strangle him before he could utter them, his smile exhibit the white rows of teeth, his fist clenched to strike an invisible adversary (356). Theodore Roosevelt loved the attention and enjoyed the art of oratory for he looked for many opportunities to speak in public, especially on issues that he was passionate about.For Roosevelt, speechmaking was a means to educate the public and to inspire it (356). One of Roosevelts closest friends, Henry Cabot Lodge gives course credit to Roosevelts dominance over his listeners to the force of conviction with which he preached his pile of the just society (356). Henry Cabot Lodge describes and esteems Roosevelt in his article Why Theodore Roosevelt Should Be Elected Presid ent when he reminds the public of all of Roosevelts accomplishments when he says he has carried on the policies of his predecessor he has been loyal to Republican principles (329).He continues his list of accomplishments when he states that Roosevelt has intrepidly enforced the laws in regards to trusts. His prompt and courageous action has given us the Panama Canal. He has raised the prestige of the Monroe Doctrine to a higher come out than ever before and brought the great nations of the earth to the Hague Tribunal, a signal service to the cause of peace (329). Cabot fateed the citizens to remember all the good that Roosevelt had perfect(a) since taking the helm.In Roosevelts speech The Strenuous Life, he believed that a mans showcase and Americas character was what set us unconnected from others. He give tongue to in this speech that he wish to preach not the doctrine of ignoble ease still the doctrine of the strenuous purport the life of toil and effort of labor and str ife, to preach that highest form of success which comes not to the man who desires mere easy peace but to the man who does not shrink from danger, from hardship, or from bitter toil, and who out of these wins the splendid ultimate triumph (357).Roosevelt was one to utilize vocabulary enabling people to remember what he stood for and what his vision was for every man for with these words he became a man of magnetism. In Images in Words Presidential Rhetoric, Charisma, and Greatness, four authors (Cynthia Emrich, Holly Brower, Jack Feldman and Howard Garland) analyzed two sets of U. S. presidents speeches to crack whether their propensities to convey images in words were linked to perceptions of their charisma and greatness (527).As a result of this study they came to the conclusion that the presidents who in their inaugural addresses used more image-based diction were deemed greater in the area of charisma. They also found that the presidents that used these image-based words in th eir speeches were considered and graded higher in the area of charisma and greatness (527). As a result of these findings, the four authors decided that with the proper(ip) approach and verbiage any leader would be able to convey his/her vision with verbal/ opthalmic illustrations.The verbal and visual imagery would help the listeners paint a picture in their minds to help them remember what was the subject matter was and was more apt to deplume it to memory. In this article, Emrich, Brower, Feldman and Garland believe that leaders who use words that evoke pictures, sounds, smells, tastes, and other sensations tap more directly into followers life experiences than do leaders who use words that appeal solely to followers intellect (529).This study also looked at the other side of the spectrum where leaders used concept-based rhetoric and as a result both charisma and greatness failed to reach significance (549). Taking all this into consideration, Roosevelt knew what he was doing i n each of his speeches and how he could reach his audience. With proper preparation, Roosevelt crafted some of the most monumental speeches and phrases that history will always remember. Roosevelt took careful consideration as to the mode and manner of his language that he would use to be able to comfort and console a grieving nation.In Theodore Roosevelts unofficial inaugural address, which was really his First Presidential Proclamation, he took all the necessary precautions to calm the pain and grief of the nations mourners through his words. On the Theodore Roosevelt Center website it displays the statement that Roosevelt made in Ansley Wilcoxs library. Ansley Wilcox was a close friend of Roosevelt and was a prominent lawyer. He also prepareed closely together with him as well as fresh York State Governor Grover Cleveland. Vice President Roosevelt was sworn in (without a Bible) as President of the United States in a non-traditional manner.The unexpected death of McKinley affect ed many for the loss brought a sense of uncertainty in the national affairs. It was Roosevelts job to convince the nation that he was worthy of fulfilling the duties of William McKinley. In Andrew Carnegies introduction for Roosevelts book The Roosevelt Policy he believes that the man of destiny comes to nations, as we know, just when he is most needed (ix). Carnegie believes that the untimely death of McKinley was ordained in a sense. In Roosevelts statement that was printed in the Buffalo Sunday Times he stated I shall take the oath at once in accord with the request of you members of the Cabinet, and in this hr of our deep and terrible national bereavement I wish to state that it shall be my aim to continue absolutely unbroken the policy of President McKinley for the peace, the prosperity and the honor of our beloved field. It is here that we see a man who is grieving with the nation, but also realizing that he had to assure the nation that President McKinleys work and vision would continue. When Roosevelt was sworn in he had a very private ceremony with little attention.He did not want the funeral as well as the curse into office to bring to pass a circus of journalists. He only allowed McKinleys cabinet, Ansley Wilcox and several other advisors. With the pressure of crafting a eulogy style proclamation with the use of pathos, Roosevelt allowed others to help him in the process for reassurance. In this proclamation he would try to reach out and make the situation in the flesh(predicate) to all when he stated the President of the United States has been struck downa crime committed not only against the chief magistrate, but against every law fixed and liberty-loving citizen (Buffalo Sunday Times).In the second part of his proclamation, Roosevelt elaborates on the goodness of William McKinley and what he stood for as a human, as a citizen and as a Christian who would remain a loved heritage of our people (Buffalo Sunday Times). After he sings the pra ises of McKinley, Roosevelt joins in with grief and with sorrow by stating it is meet that we as a nation express our abiding and reverence for his life, our deep sorrow over his untimely death (Buffalo Sunday Times).The proclamation comes in the last portion of the entire eulogy when he when he commits September 19th as a day of mourning and prayer and encourages people to go to their own personal place worship in honor, obligingness and love of the untimely death of President McKinley. These spoken words are different than those that were spoken at Roosevelts second (first as an elected president) Inaugural address. On Saturday March 4, 1905, Theodore Roosevelt gave his very first Inaugural Address as an elected President of the United States. This was not the same style of address that he had given six months after William McKinley was assassinated.Many doubted Roosevelt and several left their positions under his command so the election of 1905 was crucial for Roosevelt to conti nue his plan. Roosevelts character, morals had a major(ip) role in him getting elected in 1905. Roosevelt lived out what he preached about in regards to having just morals and an upright character within society. populate respected him and knew that he was genuine and forthright in everything he accomplished and believed. In the book The Roosevelt Policy there is an Introduction section where Andrew Carnegie informs the reader the positives of Theodore Roosevelt.Carnegie compares the critics of capital of Nebraska to those of Roosevelt where they judge them on their mannerisms and traditions. He continues to acknowledge some of Roosevelts attributes when he states we accept Roosevelt for what he is and would not have him differentan able, courageous, honest, democratic man of the people acting himself out just as the centre leads him without one particle of pretense (ix). we read Roosevelts Inaugural Address where he illustrates that he was thankful, humble, responsible, reliable, blessed by the Giver of Good, sincere, generous, and friendly (245).He believes that Roosevelts finest qualities shine resplendent in his relations with his principal colleagues around him for these qualities involve Roosevelts loyalty to his close friends who have become first friends and after that colleagues (xx). One of Theodore Roosevelts goals as President according to Carnegie is to develop in the average man of affairs a keener sense of personal and official responsibility than ever existed before (xv). When we delve into the actual Inaugural Address itself we can see through the eyes of Roosevelt a great nation, a nation striving to live with all humility and dignity.Roosevelt states that he believes that we have become a great Nation, forced by the position of its greatness into relations with the other nations of the earth and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities and that our attitude must be one of cordial and sincere friendly relationship (246 ). Here we see that Roosevelt is making it all personal and including the citizens as part of that greatness. The need to show with our actions and not just with our words is the premise of desiring the acquisition of others free grace by demonstrating a spirit of just and generous recognition of all their right (246).One of the greatest statements from the Inaugural Address involves the expectancy of within and without our nation and Roosevelt believes that much has been given us, and much will rightfully be expected from us. We have duties to others and duties to ourselves and we cab shirk from neither. We have become a great nation, forced by the fact of its greatness into relations with the other nations of the earth, and we must behave as beseems a people with such responsibilities (246). Roosevelt wanted to enforce the positives of the importance of being a nation of character.Throughout Roosevelts address he talks about responsibility, and the importance of having high trait s of character as that people which seeks to govern its affairs aright through the freely expressed will of the freemen who compose it (248). He was also an advocate to leaving a proud heritage within the personal family and as well as the nation. Roosevelt thought about the future and the future of his children, and our children today. He wanted to be able to give them the hope that all our past, present and future presidents will want to give.In Politics as Performance Art The Body English of Theodore Roosevelt, H. W. Brands conveys his insight by stating that Roosevelt had an enormous ego and that he simply loved the limelight (121). Theodore had to record himself and to the nation after McKinley was assassinated because he was considered the foe of the bosses and that it was a necessity (121). In David Greenbergs Beyond the Bully Pulpit one area that Roosevelt remained confining to was his faith in God for he saw political questions as spiritual ones His advocacy of social imp rovement was high-minded and hortatory (25).Roosevelt understood that the problems and issues the country was facing was contrary the ones of his predecessors and acknowledges that fact when he states in his address that though the tasks set before us differ from the tasks set before our fathers who founded and preserved this Republic, the spirit in which these tasks must be undertaken and these problems faced, if our duty is to be well done, remains essentially unchanged (248). He continues by stating that we need to uphold the highest character for it is with this character that we can continue in self-government (248).He believes that in order to maintain our freedom we need to continually demonstrate not merely in crisis, but in everyday affairs of life, the qualities of practical intelligence, of courage, of hardihood, and endurance, and above all the power of devotion to a lofty ideal, which made great the men who founded this Republic in the days of Washington, which made gr eat the men who preserved this Republic in the days of Abraham Lincoln (248). Throughout this research many influential people recognised Theodore Roosevelts giftedness in writing and in oratory.He knew how to reach individuals and make them feel as if they were part of the solution and that they mattered to him. Theodore Roosevelts First Inaugural Address was unlike majority of our Presidents, past and present. There was no farewell address from a reigning president but instead there was a eulogy. The transition from Vice President to President was abrupt even though they all tried to make the transition smoothly. Roosevelt knew that his words and deeds were going to either make him or break him.One area that stayed consistent throughout his life was his character for that was strong and did not waiver. He was a trusted man and a man of his word who wanted the best for the nation in such a trying time period. Theodore Roosevelt has become a role model for many people and has been o ne who people will remember for years to come. Works Cited Brands H. W. Politics as Performance Art The Body English of Theodore Roosevelt. eBook Collection. EBSCO. Web. 29 Nov 2012. Campbell, Karlyn. , Jamieson, Kathleen. Presidents Creating the Presidency Deeds through with(p) in Words.Chicago U of Chicago P, 2008. Print. Emrich, Cynthia G. , Holly H. Brower, Jack M. Feldman and Howard Garland. Images in Words Presidential Rhetoric, Charisma and Greatness. Administrative Science Quarterly 46. 3 (2001) 527-557. JSTOR. 22 Oct 2012 http//www. jstor. org/search Gelderman, Carol. any the Presidents Words. The Wilson Quarterly (1976- ) 19. 2 (1995) 68-79. JSTOR. 22 Oct 2012 http//www. jstor. org/search Greenberg, David. Beyond the Bully Pulpit. The Wilson Quarterly 35. 3 (2011) 22-29. JSTOR. 22 Oct 2012 http//www. jstor. org/searchLodge, Henry Cabot. Why Theodore Roosevelt Should Be Elected President. The North American Review 179. 574 (1904) 321-330. JSTOR. 22 Oct 2012 http//www. jstor. org/search Presidents Proclamation. Buffalo Sunday Time, New York, 15 Sept. 1901. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. http//www. theodorerooseveltcenter. org/research/digital-library/record Podell, Janet. , Anzovin, Steven. Speeches of the American Presidents. eBook Collection. EBSCO. Web. 29 Nov 2012. Roosevelt, Theodore. The Roosevelt Policy. New York, NY, The Current Literature Publishing Co. , 1908. Google Web. 29 Nov 2012.

Bird Watching

Birdwatching or birding means going outside to enjoy watching birds. It is a popular hobby. Someone who does this is called a birdwatcher or birder. These twain words mean the same thing, but people who spend a lot of their time watching birds, taking their hobby seriously, are more apparent to call themselves birders, while birdwatchers may just be people who like watching birds when they happen to go for a walk. Both birdwatchers and birders are usually amateurs. The scientific study of birds is called ornithology.People who study birds as a profession are called ornithologists. Birdwatching (or birding) is rattling popular in countries such as Britain and the United States. It whoremonger be especially awarding in spring when a lot of birds are singing and building nests to raise their young. In spring and autumn many birds understructure be seen as they migrate. In winter some other kinds of birds may be visiting from colder areas such as the Arctic where there is no nutrim ent in the winter.A peli deal flying moves steadily enough for it to be followed with a pair of binoculars It is useful to nourish a good pair of binoculars to help to see birds that are far away more clearly. Scopes or telescopes can also be used. These give much greater magnification than binoculars (making the birds look much bigger), but they need to put on a tripod because they cannot be held steady by hand. They are useful for looking at birds that bear in one place for some time such as ducks swimming on a lake, but no use for birds flying in the air or hopping quickly from one tree to another.Some birders like to take photographs of birds. This is difficult to do well un slight one has good, expensive cameras and long lenses. Telescopes can be attached to cameras. This is called digiscoping. Twitchers a pair of binoculars are essential for birdwatching Some birdwatchers are called twitchers. Twitching means spending all ones time trying to see as many different kinds of birds as possible (the normal word twitch means making little jerks in the body, often with muscles in the face).Twitchers keep lists of all the birds they have seen, and if they hear that a rare bird has been seen somewhere, they travel long distances to try to see it so that they can add it to their list. Birdwatchers are useful Although birdwatchers are amateurs, they can be very useful, because they can tell organizations such as the British Trust for Ornithology about what they have seen. This information can be useful when discussions take place about possible damage to the environment, e. g. because of new developments (building).It can help us to protect the birds, because we consider their needs. Some birders help with bird ringing. Putting a ring on a birds foot helps us to identify it when it is seen again so that we can understand where birds go and what they do. Birders can also take part in bird counts. In Britain a Big Garden Birdwatch leap out takes place one weeke nd each year in late January. Over 400. 000 people watch the birds in their gardens for one hour and are asked to pay a list of how many they see during this time.By comparing the results with other years this helps us to see which birds are surviving well, and which ones are becoming less common. Code of behaviour Birders are always reminded how important it is not to disturb the birds. This is particularly important in the nesting season. If birds are nesting on the ground in palm or reedbeds one should never go anywhere near them. Some birds get used to humans being near, but others may be very shy of humans.

Lillian Trasher

Lillian Trasher was born in Jacksonville, Florida, on September 27, 1887. Being born to a Catholic family, Lillian was non saved until her teens when she got her hands on a Bible and read it for herself. Trasher attended Bible school while she worked at an orphanage in Marion, California. critical did she know that orphanage work would be her lifes calling. How did she become the Mother of Thousands? When Trasher was 23 years old, she attended a church service where she hear a female missionary speak. Trasher would later say that this was the night she was called to be a missionary.She immediately began to engage plans to travel to Egypt. The first thing she did was break sour her engagement. The sudden change of plans was shocking to her friends and family. Her p arnts refused to assist her financially. Trasher knew that it was Gods testament for her to move to Egypt, so she prayed and prayed, until little by little she raised enough make the trip. On October 8, 1910, Trasher b egan her voyage on the S. S. Berlin. The day she left, Lillian was asked to read a verse appropriate to the trip, so she opened her Bible to Acts 734.The verse read, I redeem surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and have heard their groaning, and I have come down to deliver them. And now come, I will send you to Egypt. This verse confirmed Gods will in Trashers life. She had no doubt that she was meant to go to Egypt. Lillian arrived in Assiout on October 26, 1910. She would immediately mystify missionary work with Reverend Perlsford, a missionary too Egypt. At this point Trasher still didnt know why God had called her to Egypt, but it would not take long before she found out.On February 10, 1911, Trasher took in her first Orphan after finding the baby girl al wiz with her dead mother. This began a domino effect. Every time Trasher heard of a child in need she would take them in with out any hesitation. Trasher had no way of providing for the children and she knew that no one from America would be able to support these children either, so she decided to raise funds locally. Lillian rode astride a donkey all over contact areas soliciting funds for the orphanage. With lots and lots of prayer, Trasher succeeded in raising enough funds to keep her new orphanage running.By 1916 Trasher was known by the people of the Nile valley as The Nile Mile. At this point she had 50 orphans living in her home. She new she had to move in order to expand. She purchased a half-acre of land and moved the children into a structure there. Gradually more and more land was purchased because of growth. The orphanage would grow to be 19 acres in size. In 1919, the Assemblies of God granted Trasher missionary appointment. When this happened Assiout orphans asylum became an overseas ministry of the Assemblies. The orphanage began to grow immensely.The orphanage is no longer just an institution but, but more of a small town with more than a dozen major buildings including a church, five schools, three nurseries, dormitories, hospitals, dairy barns, a water plant, an electric power plant, and Lillians home. Today, the orphanage maintains over a universal gravitational constant orphans, widows, and disabled peoples. The children are educated and taught trades at the orphanage. Each one is given the opportunity to be successful in life after they leave the orphanage. Because the girls are so well educated they are often sought after to boys from the city to be their wives.The boys leave with the ability to support themselves and their future families. Trasher never considered what she did as working but as living. She knew it was her purpose in life, and she loved every second of it. She believed she was living life to the fullest. Lillian Trasher cared for more than eight thousand boys and girls during her life. Each one called her Mamma. She loved every one of them the same and prayed for them every day. These children would grow up to have families of their own and their children would call Trasher Mamma too. It is clear that Lillian Trasher truly was a Mother of Thousands.

Admission to the Masters of Accounting Program at the College

I have faced a number of knotty situations in life. On one occasion, I was working with the ADA or the American Diabetes Association. We worked as two groups and our principal task was to count and reconcile the checks, cash and credit card donations, which used to arrive in large quantities. One daylight an older man joined our aggroup. Then our troubles started. Till that time we had worked without any mutual misgivings or bickering. With the advent of this person, our time schedules and procedures went haywire. I studied the situation and established that all this was due to his reluctance to follow the established procedure.Every one, in both the groups, was compelled to go home late, due to this persons obduracy. All felt that he should be suitably reprimanded, but no one was willing to undertake this unpleasant task. The question that was foremost on every ones nous was who would bell the cat? I jumped into the fray and gently but firmly convinced him that what he was doing was unacceptable. He was happy with this way of communication, because I had talked to him in private, so that his pride was not hurt. This had the desired effect and we were able to complete the work in time.In addition, I was also the secretary of the African Cultural Society. I was implemental in planning and implementing the IREP Africa program at the College of William & Mary. This task entailed coordination between and interaction with a number of fellow students, faculty and departments. I emerged much stronger as a coordinator, facilitator and administrator after this novel experience. The professed objective of this program was to unite African student organizations in Virginia and to improve their relations with each other. I actively participated in several campaigns to raise funds for the underprivileged in Africa and one of them was in respect of p everyplacety stricken women of Uganda.A successful and efficient accountant is one who is reliable, thorough, ingenious, a seeker of solutions, well organized and performance oriented. Of these the most important is trustworthiness, because accountants, in addition to their usual work, have to offer reliable advice regarding the conduct of business in the present day economic and legal context. Moreover, if accounting standards atomic number 18 not adhered to, then the company stands the risk of having to close down. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted in the year 2002, in order to deal with such eventualities.Another important trait of an accountant is attention to detail. I possess this in ample measure. This fact was disclosed in my incumbency as the treasurer of the African Cultural Society, between the years 2006 to 2007 and as the Vice President of the Syndicate. In these tasks, I maintained authentic and comprehensive fiscal records. I reviewed the internal financial controls and ensured that the organizations moneys were safe. This club has a number of advantages and I took up aggressive mark eting to ensure that its membership increased.The pretermit of ethical and moral accounting practices in business organizations pull up stakess in financial subterfuges. This was clearly established in the following cases.In the year 2001, Enron announced a elucidate loss of $ 618 million for its third quarter and that it would reduce the shareholders equity by $ 1.2 billion. The SEC immediately stepped in and demanded financial information from Enron. The Enron team of Auditors lead by their leader Anderson systematically destroyed a large number of financial documents. Subsequently, the Enron officials and its auditors were charged and convicted of fraud.This company had engaged in malpractices relating to financial accounting, with the result that the company became bankrupt. To conceal its malafide practices, this company indulged in complicated accounting practices. This illustrates the fact that accounting has to be ethical, transparent and morally upright. The consequence of the Enron case was that the law relating to account statement was made more stringent. However, more than even legislation personal attitude, morality and ethical behavior should have greater influence.WorldCom was another company, which also attempted to camo its fraudulent activities by resorting to fudging of figures and falsification of financial reports. The procedure adopted by its accountants was less sophisticated than that of the Enron team nevertheless, it committed a much greater fraud than Enron. However, these cases were not isolated incidents and proved to be merely the tip of the iceberg. Several more such fraudulent corporations were investigated by the Federal and state regulators. The principal among these are Adelphia, HealthSouth and Tyco, to name a few.I have a flair for leadership and I often volunteer to lead in various academic projects. Recently, I took over the reins of project, involving the formulation of a business plan to be presented to the board of directors. This project emerged as a huge success, despite the difficulties encountered, due to having to lead a team of peers. The team comprised of persons with different temperaments and it required a lot of innovativeness and ingenuity to extract the best from them.I have tremendous patience, as can be attested to by the students of the second grade, whom I teach as a volunteer teacher in the Waller Mill Elementary school, in Williamsburg. The foregoing incidents from my life reveal that I possess a high level of integrity, reliability, planning and implementing capacity, motivational skills, inspiration, ability to work in a team and patience.What are you hoping to achieve during your studies in the MAcc chopine?I will complete my Bachelors degree in accounting by the month of May, 2008. Subsequently, I intend to pursue the Masters of account statement Program at the College of William and Marys School of Business. This course is truly outstanding and the faculty is the t hird best in the nation. Classes are typically small and informal. The emphasis is on acquiring expertise. The faculty is easily accessible, if one wants to clarify doubts. In conjunction with my considerable management and leadership skills, this knowledge in accountancy will extradite me highly suitable for obtaining the Certified Public Accountant license. My principal objective is to become a CPA.

Reaction Paper: Ayala and National Museum Essay

When we visited these museums, National Museum and the Ayala Museum, both suck up shown the prosperity of our taradiddle and culture. The museums have shown us why and how Filipinos go beyond during that time. The museums have an abundant design in nourishing us Filipinos the past of our history and culture. Of course, in a sense of reminding us what our heroes have done in order to give us the freedom and how our ancestors lived. In my opinion, the museums have shown the importance of the Philippine history. They want us to be conscious about how our ancestors prospered and how much wealth our ancestors were in culture and at the same time, suffered.At the Ayala museum, we have seen many gold objects, ceramics, and artifacts which were kept for us to see how our ancestors in pre- colonial period lived and their culture and beliefs before. Our ancestors somehow have similarities to the beliefs of the Egyptians wherein, they believed in after life. We saw masks wherein the museum e xplained that it was used to cover holes of a dead person so that no other souls will enter the body.Filipinos before already have the belief that our body was the temple of the soul. Other gold objects represents the ranks in the society just like what we saw in the said museum that was displayed. The ceramics have shown how our ancestors traded crafts from other countries peculiarly in China and how our country made good contacts to them. These revealed how beautiful our culture was before as well as the status of the Filipinos.The fabrics displayed at the Ayala museum have shown us how Filipinos before evolved in terms of cultural aspects because of the colonization that occurred. The paintings showed the history in an artistic modality. The artworks I remembered were the paintings of Juan Luna and Carlos Botong Francisco. Their paintings were based on what they saw in our history.Especially, in the paintings of Carlos which I think I really appreciated because of the video cli p theyve done to make the paintings become alive. These artworks emphasized the events that happened in the past and portrayed the Philippines. Unfortunately, I wasnt that lucky to get a chance to contemplate each of the paintings. One thing I noticed that the paintings as what I have said, were truly describes our history and as well as our identity as a Filipinos.Captivating dioramas also helped us to really understand and visualize our past. It was made pieces by pieces and the materials were real detailed. It has a total of 60 dioramas and it was arranged in sequence which helped us to understand what really happened. The dioramas gave me the feeling as the part of the history as if I was there in the actual event.Our visit in these museums, I can actually say that it helped me to reflect my identity as a Filipino citizen. In our present community, it seems that our history was not being perished anymore. Some didnt really cargon about our history and culture anymore.Our belief s, our natives, ancestors and many things related on what we are as a Filipino. Its the fact that many of us didnt appreciate what we are as a Filipino. Nowadays, were too obsessed in the culture of other countries which leads in forgetting our own. For me, as a Filipino, by the help of these museums strengthen my identity as a Filipino. Why? It is because these museums represents how our ancestors bravely fought which were in the way to our liberty and how wealth our culture was before.

Maya Angelou Biographical Approach Essay

Maya Angelou has remarked, Im always inspired by hands and women who riseThat ability to rise is nobleness of the human spirit. Write an essay in which you analyze Angelous beliefs close the human spirit, as reflected in the tetrad works you just read. Before you begin, consider what Angelou has to say about her work I speak to the black experience, but I am always talking about the human conditionabout what we can endure, dream, fail at, and still survive. Writing Your Essay As you plan, draft, and revise your essay, keep the following tips in mind In the introduction, or the beginning of your essay, include a specific thesis statement that presents the key point you will prove in your essay. Support your ideas with evidence from the four selections.Be sure to analyze how Angelous tone and use of stylistic devices contribute to the expression of her themes or main ideas. Make sure that every separate has unity and coherence. All the sentences in the paragraph should relate to o ne main idea and help develop that idea. End your essay with a conclusion in which you summarize your main points. Include a new, but related, closing insight or reflection.Create a one-page document that shows you have understood the book with the 2 parts below Part 1 First, think of the symbols in the book. Then, find pictures using Google images or Clip Art and paste them into the document. Then give a 1-2 sentence reason for the symbol. Part 2 Write a book review. Make sure you convince me you have read it thoroughly It should be no more than 1-2 paragraphs.

Professional and legal implications Essay

This assignment provide explore the original and profound deductive reasonings of a scenario which took propose indoors a health cont halt setting during the last stratum. health treat is very complex and conclusions somewhat how services are provided burn hire a huge effect on peoples lives. at that placefore it is imperative that the charge offered has the best chance of benefiting a diligent and non maltreating them. However, in the pastime scenario a finality do by a health occupy master for the best enkindles of their forbearing is challenged by the perseverings baffle. To protect confidentiality the real names of the individuals involved pull in been changed (NMC, 2008). Katie is a 24 year old woman who has been admitted to hospital with a severe chest infection. Katie suffers from recurring chest infections repay adapted to her specify and also has cerebral palsy, larn disabilities and epilepsy. Due to these conditions Katie is un adequat e to(p) to communicate, requires a Naso Gastric Tube for feeding, is doubly leaky and has one to one handle from a health Care Support Worker for all her personalised and clinical demands.Katie lives with her mother at home, who provides her conduct during the night. The medical team discovered that her chest infection is Pneumonia and get going the relevant intercession, however believe that over out-of-pocket to Katies quality of biography she should be Not for Resuscitation (NFR) in the shell of a cardiac arrest. However, Katies mother argues that her young lady should be resuscitated and the decision should be made by her, because she is her mother and that the health veneration team are neglecting her daughters remunerate to life and are act asing il level-headedly by making such(prenominal) a decision. Katies mammary gland also believes that the health care team are basing their decision on Katies learning disability sort of than her best interests. This shew entrust encompass the ethical considerations that need to be sought when a decision such as NFR is made. Taking into account the court-ordered and professional person implications this has on the health care team involved.Before making any decision the health care professional will need to consider if the Katie has the mental potentiality, what are in the her best interests and protecting the her human rights. All these topics will be included in this shew. This essay will also explain why it is important for a health care professional to take into account the Bolam Test and partitioning 4 of the Mental capacitance symbolise (2005), taking into consideration a tolerants best interest when they lack capacity, before they yield any decision. The medical checkup Team moldiness act in accordance with the practicethat is current at that time and by a recognised professional body (Dimond 2008). All these issues are relevant in this scenario. Making a decision such as NFR i s taken very seriously receivable to the cognise way out in the event of a cardiac arrest.A Not For Resuscitation (NFR) decision indicates that a decision has been made non to call the resuscitation team if in the future that patient, such as Katie, suddenly scratch breathing or suffers cardiac arrest. Resuscitation decisions are very controversial and have been the subject of much media interest. curiously when that patient has a learning disability. There is evidence of this in the appendix at the back of this essay and it will be discussed get on on in the essay.A decision such as NFR is the indebtedness of the most senior clinician for the specific patient, according to a orderd guidance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (2007). Every health board should have a resuscitation policy. The Local Health Boards policy involved in this scenario can be found in the appendix of this essay. The policy, published in (2009) states that cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( cardiopulmonar y resuscitation) should be commenced unless the patient has refused CPR the patient is at the lenitive stage of illness or the burdens of the treatment outweigh the benefit.The Health Care Team are compulsory, before they make any decision to determine if Katie has mental capacity and if she is able to understand and contribute to the decisions of her treatment. If Katie had capacity and was non consulted about the decision then(prenominal) the heath care professional could be seen as acting unlawfully and the decision maker would be legally and professionally accountable (B v An NHS Trust 2002). The Mental electrical capacity Act (2005) describes capacity as an individuals ability to make a certain decision at a specific time and not on their ability to make decisions generally. Legal capacity depends on the patients understanding rather than their wisdom. They should be able to retain and understand the info that they are practicen and then communicate their decision with t he appropriate professional (Simpson, 2011). A patients competency to capacity should not be presumed.An assessment of capacity should be made before a person can be said to be incapacitated (NMC, 2008). Nurses have the ability to assess capacity, if they feel that it is needed. However, they do not have the authority to make a decision such as NFR (Hawley 2007). Therefore, they essentialrefer to a doctor or psychologist to assess the patients capacity and make such a decision (Hutchison, 2005). Katies mental capacity, following the Mental Health Act (2005), will need to be assessed by a doctor or a psychologist due to the significance of the decision. The Case of Re C (1994) helped produce the 3 stage turn out of capacity and this has turn up to be a suitable test used in the assessing process of capacity. However, the introduction of the Mental Capacity Act resulted in a 4th Stage existence added (Section 3 MCA).The test regulates whether the individual is able to Comprehend and retain information, Believe information given and weigh it up, balance the risks and needs, make a choice. The fourth stage is to communicate the decision. In this particular scenario, later an assessment of Katies Mental Capacity victimization this test, determined that Katie did not have the Mental Capacity to make decisions due to her inability to understand the information and communicate the decision. This enables the team to make this decision for her as long as it is in her best interests. Katies mother believes that she should be the one to make this decision for her daughter because she is her neighboring of kin and Katies author of attorney. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) allows a person to legally set up a unrelenting power of attorney.The chosen person or persons have the power to make decisions on the individuals financial and personal behalf. The act does not allow enduring power of attorneys to be set up however those already in existence can continue to b e used. The lasting power of attorney has the power to give consent on behalf of a patient who is incapacitated if it is in their best interest (Thomson et al, 2006). However, the lasting power of attorney does not have the power to order a patient who is NFR or who is becoming NFR, as in this scenario, to be resuscitated if a health care professional has assessed that the outcome would not be in the best interest of the patient. There is no obligation to give treatment that is futile or burdensome as seen in the case of Re J (A Minor) (Wardship Medical discussion 1990). As in the case of R ( bump off v General Medical Council 2004) no person has a legal right to insist on specific treatments either for themselves or relatives.The health care professional is not obliged by law to resuscitate Katie irrelevant weather Katies mother is next of kin or has power of attorney. It was discovered afterwards that Katies mother was not her power of attorney because Katie had never had the cap acity toappoint one. The health care professional will make their decision after assessing the patient and following the appropriate legal frameworks which are set to protect them and the patient and examining what decision would be in Katies best interests. Section 4 of the Mental Capacity Act (2005) sets out the legal framework for a best interest decision to be made, for people without mental capacity. This can be found in the appendix of the essay. The Act states that the health care professional making the decision must not make it simply on the basis of the patients age or appearance. The patients condition and aspects of behaviour must not affect the judgements of best interests and concern of care.The health care professional making the decision must consider all the relevant circumstances and consider the happening of the patient gaining capacity (MCA, 2005). However, if this is not practicable then the health care professional must revise the past and present wishes of the patient, especially if an advance directive has been made. In relation to the scenario, it is crucial that this checklist is considered when making a decision such as NFR, due to Katies Learning disabilities. Mencap (2007) published a report called closing by indifference which can be found in the appendix of this essay. The report examines cases where families believed that doctors used out or keeping(p) use of Do Not Resuscitate Orders simply because the patient had a learning disability rather than assessing the best interest of the patient resulting in institutional discrimination. The Mental Capacity Act (2005) adds that the health care professional must consult anyone caring for the patient or who is concerned for their welfare and gain their views on the decision (Dimond, 2008).In this scenario Katies mother was addressed and informed of the decision and her views were taken into account, despite the divergency of the general decision. Katies mums attitude and opinion towards the decision could be biased. She whitethorn actually not recognise that an NFR decision would be in the best interests of her daughter. Katies mother has her own value and beliefs that are likely to be incidentors that can influence her disapproval. The health care professional involved with Katies care will need to reassure Katies mum, show compassion and empathise with her situation. As give tongue to earlier in the essay, the best interests of Katie can be determined via consideration of a checklist of circumstances within Section 4 of the MCA (2005). The benefits of treatmentand the probability of them arising are considered (Griffiths and Tengnah 2008). In this scenario the benefits of resuscitation would be measured. If it was agreed that resuscitation would do to a greater extent harm than good then it would be considered that NFR would be in Katies best interests (Re A (mental patient sterilisation) 2001).Due to Katies quality of life, because of her cerebral pa lsy and epilepsy, it was considered by the health care professionals that it was in the best interest of Katie that she becomes NFR, as the outcome of resuscitation would not improve her quality of life. It was also agreed that resuscitation would do more harm to Katie than good, due to the probability of resuscitation universe unsuccessful. However, Katies mum believes that the health care professionals are depriving her daughter of a right to life as was in the case of Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993. The gentlemans gentleman Rights Act (1998) is an Act of Parliament produced to protect the rights of individuals. The Act incorporates convention rights and protocols and is comprised of several articles. Schedule 1 name 2, the Right to Life is of particular relevance in this scenario. The Article legally entitles every persons individuals right to life to be protected by law. It states that an individuals life should not be deprived intentionally. Katies mum believes that the de cision of NFR is infringing her daughters human rights.If this is proved to be the situation then the professional could face legal action (Dimond, 2008). In this scenario the health care professionals are acting in Katies best interests and will not face any legal proceedings as long as they can justify their decision. This was illustrated in the cases of National Health attend to Trust A V D and others 2000, NHS Trust A v M 2001 and NHS Trust B V H 2001 indicates that decisions such as NFR, which are found to allow the individual to die with lordliness and be in the best interests of the person, are not legally classed as infringing human rights. It could be implied that the decisions of NFR supports Katies human rights. If it is considered that Katies quality of life would remain unforesightful or that resuscitation could potentially cause her harm and not be in Katies best interests then it could be implied that resuscitation in the event of Katie experiencing a cardiac arres t could prove a degrading treatment (Thompson et al, 2006).In this particular scenario Katies mother is accusing the health care professionals of being negligent. The case of (Bolam v Friern Hospital solicitude Committee 1957)initiated the Bolam test. The Bolam test is used to examine if a health care professional has been negligent. If the health care professional has acted in accordance with an accepted practice which is approved by a recognised professional body then they cannot be thought as negligent. However, it could be disputed that the health care professional could be delusive negligent if they resuscitated Katie since it is not in her best interests as the health care professionals have a legal duty of care to preclude acts or omissions which can potentially injure the patient (Donogue v Stevenson 1932). If the health care professionals were to resuscitate Katie and it resulted in her becoming harmed then the health care professionals could be charge of being negligent under the Bolam test. Once a decision such as NFR has been justified and attested then if Katie was resuscitated in the event of a cardiac arrest then this treatment could been seen as battery and it is unlawful as in the case of (Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993).Such as in the case of Bland where the patients recovery was not going to happen due to him being in a Permanent Vegetative State, then the courts can decide that treatment can be withdrawn and not infringe the human rights of the individual (NHS Trust v M 2001). In this scenario the health care team have decided, that due to Katies ongoing chest infections, the pain that she experiences from her conditions and her poor quality of life, it would not be in Katies best interests for her to be resuscitated in the event of a cardiac arrest. Consequently health professionals are not infringing her right to life and consequently not legally negligent. All health care professionals have a duty of care to their patients (Dimond, 2 008). For this section of the essay the author will focus on how a decision such as NFR can have on a defend and discuss the legal implications that may occur. Registered nurses are governed by The Code Standards of conduct, performances and moral philosophy for nurses and midwives (NMC, 2008). The grave is not a legal document however, it sets a framework of standards that a nurse must adhere to within their practice and it enables them to act lawfully. Decisions such as NFR can cause professional issues for a nurse.The nurse is the frontline provider of their patients care (Dimond, 2008). They have the most contact with the patient and their relatives. They ofttimes develop a therapeutic blood with both. This could cause the nurse to face a dilemma of being criticised by the family and friends of the patient if theydo not commence CPR or even face admonition from their colleges if they did proceed with CPR (Dimond, 2008). The nurse may feel duty-bound to commence CPR due to t he relationship they have formed with the patient. However, the nurse must always act lawfully. Due to the nurses part as the care provider, they often have contact with the family members. This may provide difficulties for the nurse if the family, such as Katies mum, disagree with a decision that has been made. Therefore, the nurse may be go about with a possible confrontation from the family or friends of the patient due to their disapproval (Hughes and Baldwin, 2006).The nurse has a responsibility to their patients to provide a high standard of care (NMC, 2008). However, at times they may feel as though they are being prevented from providing this standard when a decision such as NFR is issued and could cause them professional implications. However, it could also be argued that the nurse is fulfilling their role in such a situation as the nurse has a duty to alleviate the suffering of patients (Rumbold, 2002). The nurse would not be alleviating a patients suffering if they comm enced CPR and it had been decided that it was not in the patients best interests. Nurses are accountable for their actions (NMC, 2008). The accountability of not providing CPR to a patient can present the nurse with a professional implication. Therefore, as the essay mentioned earlier, if the decision of NFR is legal then the nurse will not be held professionally accountable for not commencing CPR if their patient experiences a cardiac arrest.All Health care professionals are responsible for maintaining standards set in the code of professional conduct. The NMC (2008) governs nurses to Adhere to the laws of the country in which you are practicing. This implies that nurses are mandatory to act lawfully. They are required to follow orders such as NFR regardless of their own set and beliefs. A decision such as NFR creates the question of who has the right to decide what is in the best interests of a patient. Even though the person making the decision is professionally qualified to do so they may discover it complicated in proving that it is in the best interests of a patient without capacity (Runciman et al, 2007). The professional has a duty to act lawfully and be able to sustain this when making such an important decision. The attitudes of a nurse can offer professional implications for a decision such as NFR. Attitudes are governed by personal values and beliefs. If the nurse did not agree that it is in thebest interests of the patient to become NFR this could create some difficulties. The nurse may decide to vocalise what they consider is in the best interests of their patient and this could conflict with the NFR decision made by the health care professional resulting in an ethical dilemma (Thompson et al, 2006).According to Schlutz (1998), there is considerable evidence that some(prenominal) nurses experience the feeling of powerlessness when confronted with an ethical dilemma and fear conflict with other professionals such as consultants and doctors. Due to this they may abide by instructions regardless of it conflicting with their own professional values and beliefs. This could imply that the nurse involved with Katies care could follow an instruction as NFR despite it being against their own professional opinion. However, the nurse must be accountable for their actions and must indicate a cheering reason for their conduct (NMC, 2008) therefore potentially resulting in a professional implication. Rundell (1992) claims that the nursing of a palliative patient and providing them with a dignified death, uncomplicated or uncompromised by CPR could prove to be more complex than simply intervening and commencing CPR. Therefore not intervening when a patient is suffering a cardiac arrest can result in a professional implication of the NFR decision.The nurse could find it very difficult to watch a patient suffer a cardiac arrest and not be allowed to intervene because of an NFR decision made by a health care professional who may not even have had a therapeutic relationship with the patient or their family. Doctors and nurses are professionally responsible to perform beneficently, justifying and respecting the rights of others (Thompson et al, 2006). Beneficence can be defined as an action taken that will benefit others and prevent and remove harm. Examples of harm are suffering and death (Herbert, 1998). If a health care professional fails to act beneficently it violates social, moral and professional standards (Beauchamp and Childress, 1989). This principle implies that the health care professional would be acting unprofessional by not commencing CPR. However, Casteldine (1993) implies that it is of greater beneficence for the health care professional to acknowledge end of life on certain occasions rather than using CPR, which could potentially cause harm, to prevent death. This implication is seen within the scenario.However it is imperative that the staff perform lawfully. Health care professionals are often fac ed with thedilemma as to whether a certified decision has been made morally and legally accepted. This could result in disputes due to differentiating values and beliefs (Herbert, 1998). The NMC (2008) states that a patient, who does not possess capacity, should be protected. This may cause conflict in role responsibility in an NFR decision, as a health care professional not commencing resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest could potentially cause the issue of passive non-voluntary euthanasia. This is a further professional implication that the nurse may experience when a decision such as NFR is initiated. passive non-voluntary Euthanasia can be defined as when the individual who dies is unable to give their consent and the individuals efficient requests concerning euthanasia are not known, such as Katies wishes are not know due to her not having the mental capacity.In effect it involves not providing or discontinuing treatments that would be relatively successful in preve nting the patients death because death is considered to be kind to the patient by the health care professional making the decision. Therefore, this type of euthanasia depends on other factors for its achievement in causing death, such as Katies underlying pneumonia which if left untreated could kill her or promote her inability to catch ones breath satisfactorily without oxygen or respiratory assistance. By withdrawing treatment or as in Katies case creating an NFR that would normally be done for a patient with this condition, with the objective of causing the patients death out of compassion could be regarded as passive euthanasia and be interpreted as allowing the patient to die rather than killing them. Again when faced with such a situation the nurse must always abide by the NMC Code (2008) and act lawfully in their practice and they will not be accountable for breaching their professional duties. In conclusion, this essay has contained numerous reasons why legal implications c ould cram due to Katies mother disagreeing with the NFR decision.When a health care professional makes a decision such as NFR, it is taken very seriously and as this essay has explained the health care professional has a legal obligation to justify their decision. They are required to follow the appropriate assessments and procedures before making their decision. The health care professional has a duty of care to their patient and they must ensure that they are considering the overall outcome and quality of life if CPR was performed and if it would be in their patients best interests orpotentially cause harm. It is imperative that they discuss all decisions with the immediate family and reassure the family that they are acting in the best interest of the patient (Hawley, 2007). Decisions such as NFR need to be regularly reassessed because a patients condition may improve or they may regain their capacity to make decisions. There are many legal and professional implications that the health care professional could encounter due to such a decision. Therefore it is essential that they are aware of the law because they will be accountable for their actions. in the long run they must be able to prove that they are acting in the best interests of the patient and be able to provide relevant evidence to support this. In this particular scenario, Katies mother was made fully aware of the NFR decision and what it meant if Katie was to have a cardiac arrest. She was involved in the decision making process and consulted regarding her daughters condition. Soon after the health care professional made the NFR decision Katies health deteriorated due to the Pneumonia and subsequently her quality of life was poorer than previously. It was at this point that Katies mum finally accepted the NFR decision and realised that it was in the best interests of her daughter that she should not be resuscitated.As the essay has shown, in the event that Katies mother pursued a clinical negli gence claim against the Health Board, on the grounds that she believed the health care professionals in charge of Katies care were neglecting her daughters right to life, the likelihood of a ruling that Katie be for resuscitation in the event of a cardiac arrest would be unlikely due to Katies mental capacity, overall outcome, quality of life and the evidence supporting the health care professionals decision that it would be in Katies best interest.In conclusion, the essay draws on the fact that all health care professionals, when making a decision such as NFR are required by law to assess patients mental capacity, follow a code of practice and always act in the best interest of the patients regardless of the patients families views and a patients disability. In order for this to be achieved, the Bolam Test and Section 4 of the MCA (2005) should be considered. The health care professional in this scenario conducted their decision process accordingly, following the change by reversa l assessments and legal frameworks, basing their decision on Katies best interests due to her ill health rather than her learning disability. Word Count 4,268References* Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993 1 ALL ER 449* B v An NHS Trust 20022 ALL ER 449* Beauchamp TL and Childress JF, (1989), Principles of biomedical ethics, third edition, Oxford University Press * Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee 1957 1 WLR 582 * British Medical Association (2007) Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of care for, Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, BMA. * Campbell A, Grant G and Jones G, (2005) Medical morals, Fourth Addition, Oxford publishers * Castledine G, (1993), The Nursing Way of Death, British Journal of Nursing, 16 138-146. * Degrazia D, (1999), Advanced Directives, Dementia and the Someone else business Journal of bioethics, 13 (5) 373. * Dimond B, (2008) Legal aspects of Nursing, Fifth edition, Pearson education publishers. * Donogue v Stevenson 19 32 AC 562 599* Grifiths R and Tengnah C, (2008), Mental Capacity Act determining best interest, British Journal of Community Nursing, 13 (7) 335-340 * Hawley G (2007) Ethics in clinical practice an interpersonal approach. Pearson Education. * Herbert C L, (1998), To be or not to be an ethical line of reasoning on the not for resuscitation status of a stoke patient, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 6 99-105 * Hughes JC and Baldwin C, (2006), Ethical issues in dementia care making difficult decisions, Jessica Kingley Publishers * Hutchinson C, (2005), Addressing issues related to the adult patient who lack the capacity to give consent, Nursing Standard, 19 (23) 47-53 * http//www.dailymail.co.uk/health/artcle-2101445/NHS* http//www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/writing_references.asp * http//www.mencap.org.uk/74deaths* http//www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents* http//www.lawcf.org/CMS/uploads/611/documents/Case Note on Leslie Burke * National Health Service Trust A v D and others 2000 Lloyds rep med 411 * NHS Trust A v M 2001 1 ALL ER 801* NHS Trust B v H 2001 1 ALL ER 801* Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Professional Conduct Standards for Conduct, performance and ethics, NMC * R (on the natural covering of Burke) v General Medical Council and Disability rights commission and the official solicitor of the Supreme Court 2004 Lloyds rep Med 451 * Re A (Mental Patient Sterilisation) 2001) 1 FLR 594* Re C (Adult refusal of treatment) 1994 1 ALL ER 819* Re J (a Minor) (Wardship Medical treatment) (1991) Fam 33 1990 3 All ER 930 1991 2 WLR 140 Times, 03 October 1990 1992 1 FLR * Rumbold G, (2002) Ethics in nursing practice, Third edition, Bailere Tindall Publishing * Rundell s and Rundell L, The Nursing Contribution of the resuscitation debate, Journal of clinical nursing, 1 195-198 * Runicman B, Merry A and Walton M (2007), Safety and ethics in healthcare a guide to acquiring it right, Ashgate publishers * Schluzt L, (1998), Not for Resusci tation two decades of challenge for nursing ethics and practice, nursing ethics, 4 (3) 227-240 * Thomson IE, Melia KM, Boyd KM and Horsburgh D, (2006) Nursing ethics, Fifth edition, Churchill Livingstone.

A Lady with the Little Dog Essay

1.The lady with the miniature dog - Analyzing literature questions 1. Gurovs character represents as a man who dis worrys the company of man of his age. He finds their company uninterested and boring. In addition, he finds his married woman to be unintelligent, narrow, and inelegant and he did not like to stay home at all and had been unfaithful to his wife as well. He likewise refers to charrs race in a the lower race. Nevertheless, he seems to enjoy the company of women, which only associates with women. He believes, with womans company he finds himself free, knows exactly what to say and how to behave with them.He also believes that he has a charm, which attracts women to attract towards him. His character lettuces to develop when he chats with other womens and there he finds Anna and starts talk of the town to her. The main contribution to the development of Gurovs character is caused through Anna. For most of the reason, because, he finds Anna attractive and Since, the so lar day they both had a conversation, from that time, Gurov starts indulging himself to her even more. Later, he starts insisting her to meet every day.2. The narrator describes Gurovs wife as a tall, erect woman with dark eyebrows, staid and dignified and she says intellectual to herself.It send away easily be notified that Gurovs wife does not give that much effort to be well-known(prenominal) with his environment. She seems to take less concern of her husband. It seems like she does not want to do anything with her husband. So, which makes it much easier for reader to symbolise that why Gurov gets in an affair with other woman. Even, though he has a family of his own and a wife as well. Of course, Gurov will have an affair with another woman since his wife does not seem to care about any of his activities or anything related to him.3. In the story, Gurov and Anna love story begins in Yalta.Both of them starts talking to each other, and then starts meeting every other day. wh erefore, both of them start falling in love. They, start meeting each other secretly. Their love story takes place continuous. One day, Anna had to go stake to Petersburg, back to her original life- to her husband. Then , in Moscow, Gurov tries to forget Anna but he fails to do so. He keeps laborious and trying but it doesnt work. So then, flashback appears in his mind of all the memories he spent with Anna in Yalta. Then he finally decides to go to Petersburg to meet her and clear things out. After he meets her, she tells him she will visit him in Moscow.Then again both of them starts meeting each other secretly. Finally, both of them realizes they are doing wrong by meeting each other in secretly. Also, in Moscow he realizes for the first time he fall in love. Although, he seems a bit older, but for the first time he move in love. Basically, in Moscow, both of them from their fantasy world goes back to their original world. But realization occurs, and they decides to invention out how they will try to sort things out. Also, Moscows cold weather symbolizes the realization of things. It also tells us shows the memories of moments spent before the winter.It shows lonliness, cold, and unaware of things, uninterested and easily get bored.4. When first coming into physical contact with her, Gurov notices that she is walking a dog. The kind of dog that she is walking, a white Pomeranian, symbolizes Annas innocence. She is a married woman, only if on vacation while her husband is back at home sick. It is evident that there was something particular about Anna that drew in Gurov because the story says, a romance with an unknown woman suddenly took stubbornness of him. Although, shortly after having sexual intercourse with Anna Gurov felt bored already He was irritated by the naive tone.

How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom Essay

In the book The Wealth of Networks How br another(prenominal)ly Production Trans act upons Markets and Freedom by Yochai Benkler, he discussed the diversity of network and its involve to different aspects of society. Benklers discussed that technology is a big part of the emergence that had occurred. Technology is a tool used to a more sound communication. Media today uses these technologies to provide assurance that the message is delivered to the people. Internet has become a fast growing form of information ascendent and communication tool.With this expansion comes its effect of distributing the main structure of producing and allocating information, nicety and companionship. Information is vindicatory a click away. This became a common source of reference whenever one wants to know something. This is said to be an open source to the public. In the process of acquiring this information, the most of the intelligence and effort sh bed by the author has the potential of being reused due to exposure.The complex network enables to diffuse the core information and be used by other as their own. Because of these economic characteristics, the mass-media model of information and cultural production and contagion became the dominant form of public communication in the twentieth century. Equally important is the example of the word of honor media fair use is healthy and vigorous in day by day broadcast television, where references to popular films, classic TV programs, archival images, and popular songs are constant and routinely unlicensed.Internet is now on its constant development and by this communication is possible no matter how distant it is. The property right at electric outlet is almost entirely a matter of respecting the authorship of the original work with the use of open source code, no less than with scholarly work. This sense of propriety, however, operates with a rigor in scholarship that exceeds the bounds of copyright law. Copyright only protects the authors expression and wording of an radical from being used by another beyond the realm of fair use.By means of this, the authors original idea washbasin be protected and assured that his name will be credited when his work was used. The other issue that Benkler stated that the Media is also an open source where there is a distribution of new knowledge which we may apply to our culture and social traits as individuals. These have little impacts in small daily activities as we cannot notice, which at some point we may see that we had changed eventually.Some values that had been perceived are caused by these emerging networks. Since this had also been an environment to us and we need to adapt to these changes. Cultural production in the form of the networked information economy offers individuals a greater participatory role in making the culture they occupy and makes the culture more transparent to its inhabitants. On my understanding, it is true that advancement in t hese aspects is also endowment development on human meaning and communication.Wide network can provide the potential for expose human welfare and development and freedom. Human perception is perceived and improved constantly. We can also exert that most of us rely on computers. We can practice skills and acquire additional knowledge through this wide scope of information that is open to the public. Whether how small the task is, it still contributes to ones in-person enhancement through technological experience. This provides us a more complex human development.Another optimism of Benkler which I agree is that because of enhanced technology and wide network of information, we practice and shape the freedom in the society. This has impact on the modern liberal society. Changes in the technological, economic, and social affordances of the networked information environment affect a serial of core commitments of a wide range of liberal democracies. Benklers optimism towards these c hanges is in accord to my opinion. Accessibility of media is not a problem anymore.Proliferation of networks has provided the industry, culture and social contributions to the changing society. Because of technological advancement and network expansion, our jobs became easier and more efficient. Also, with the new invented tools and equipment, we can do things we only imagine that would be possible. But with this progress comes with the disadvantages of the complex network that is still extending. virtuoso is the exposure of information where it can be abused by the users. They can use them and not find the author.In this issue, the end user takes the credit of the idea which is not his. This common crime happens commonly on the use of the internet. References Benkler,Yochai. The Wealth of Networks How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. (2005) Documentary Filmmakers Statement of Best Practices in Fair Use. (2005). www. centerforsocialmedia. org/fairuse. htm Willinsky , John. The unconfessed Convergence Of Open Source, Open Access, and Open Science. First Monday. (July 2005) www. firstmonday. org/issues/issue10_8/willinsky/

The Source of Creativity in Writers

We go on a lower floormen discombobulate unendingly been intensely curious to k flat the uniform the profound who put a similar question to Ariosto from what sources that strange creation, the original author, draws his material, and how he manages to make much(prenominal) an conception on us with it and to arouse in us emotions of which, perhaps, we had non even off thought ourselves opened.Our interest is more on the whole over heightened the more by the f lick that, if we ask him, the author himself result spatial relations us no explanation, or n maven that is fine and it is non at on the whole weakened by our cognition that non even the cle atomic number 18st sagacity into the determinants of his resource of material and into the nature of the art of creating imaginative form lead ever help to make imaginative writers of us. If we could at least expose in ourselves or in people like ourselves an activity which was in some substance akin to inventive musical compositionAn run of it would so set apart us a hope of obtaining the beginnings of an explanation of the notional work of writers. And, indeed, on that point is any(prenominal) prospect of this world workable. After all, inventive writers themselves like to less(prenominal)en the distance mingled with their kind and the public run of gentleity they so practically assure us that e rattling man is a poet at heart and that the last poet pull up stakes not perish till the last man does. Should we not tactile property for the first traces of imaginative activity as early as in childhood The childs best(p)- approved and most intense occupation is with his tackle or games.Might we not rate that both child at number be applys like a inventive writer, in that he creates a cosmos of his take, or, rather, re-arranges the things of his world in a new way which pleases him? It would be wrong to telephone he does not take that world in force(p)ly on the contrary, he takes his dissolution rattling seriously and he exp end ups large amounts of emotion on it. The opposite of get is not what is serious solely what is literal. In spite of all the emotion with which he cathects his world of r eruptine, the child distinguishes it quite wellspring from reality and he likes to consort his imagined objects and situations to the tangible and visible things of the real world.This linking is all that differentiates the childs piddle away from head gameing. The creative writer does the same as the child at play. He creates a world of magic which he takes very seriously that is, which he invests with large amounts of emotion while separating it sharply from reality. Language has preserve this relationship among childrens play and poetic creation. It instals in German the disclose of Spiel play to those forms of imaginative writing which require to be linked to tangible objects and which atomic number 18 cap able-bodied of rep resentation.It speaks of a Lustspiel or Trauerspiel comedy or tragedy literally, role play or mourning play and describes those who carry come forth the representation as Schauspieler players literally show-players. The unreality of the writers imaginative world, however, has very important consequences for the technique of his art for many things which, if they were real, could give no enjoyment, bear out tooth do so in the play of phantasy, and many excitements which, in themselves, be actually no-account, can become a source of pleasure for the he arrs and spectators at the performance of a writers work.There is an an early(a)(prenominal) consideration for the sake of which we forget reside a moment longer on this contrast mingled with reality and play. When the child has grown up and has ceased to play, and after he has been labouring for decades to conceive of the realities of life with proper seriousness, he whitethorn one twenty-four hours mark himself in a af fable situation which one time more undoes the contrast between play and reality.As an adult he can touch back on the intense seriousness with which he once carried on his games in childhood and, by equating his ostensibly serious occupations of to-day with his childhood games, he can throw off the too corpulent burden imposed on him by life and cajole the high depict of pleasure afforded by humour. As people grow up, then, they cease to play, and they descrym to give up the yield of pleasure which they gained from playing. b arly when whoever understands the human mind knows that hardly anything is harder for a man than to give up a pleasure which he has once get it ond.Actually, we can never give anything up we scarce exchange one thing for an other(a). What appears to be a renunciation is really the formation of a alternative or surrogate. In the same way, the outgrowth child, when he stops playing, gives up nothing yet the link with real objects instead playing, he now phantasies. He builds castles in the agate line and creates what are called day- dreams. I regard that most people construct phantasies at propagation in their lives. This is a fact which has long been overlook and whose importance has therefore not been sufficiently appreciated.Peoples phantasies are less easy to observe than the play of children. The child, it is true, plays by himself or forms a unsympathetic psychical system with other children for the purposes of a game but even though he whitethorn not play his game in front of the grown-ups, he does not, on the other hand, conceal it from them. The adult, on the contrary, is ashamed of his phantasies and hides them from other people. He cherishes his phantasies as his most imply possessions, and as a rule he would rather confess his misdeeds than tell anyone his phantasies.It may come more or less that for that reason he believes he is the unless person who invents such phantasies and has no idea that creations o f this kind are widespread among other people. This difference in the behaviour of a person who plays and a person who phantasies is accounted for by the motives of these 2 activities, which are nevertheless adjuncts to severally other. A childs play is determined by presses in point of fact by a single handle-one that helps in his upbringing the longing to be big and grown up. He is always playing at being grown up, and in his games he imitates what he knows near the lives of his elders.He has no reason to conceal this wish. With the adult, the case is different. On the one hand, he knows that he is expected not to go on playing or phantasying any longer, but to act in the real world on the other hand, some of the wishes which give rise to his phantasies are of a kind which it is essential to conceal. Thus he is ashamed of his phantasies as being childish and as being unpermissible. But, you entrust ask, if people make such a mystery of their phantasying, how is it that we know such a assign nigh it?Well, there is a trend of human beings upon whom, not a god, indeed, but a crap goddess Necessity has allotted the task of coition what they suffer and what things give them happiness. These are the victims of nervous illness, who are get to tell their phantasies, among other things, to the doctor by whom they expect to be cured by mental treatment. This is our best source of knowledge, and we perk up since found acceptable reason to suppose that our patients tell us nothing that we major power not also hear from hygienic people. Let us now make ourselves acquainted with a few of the mentionistics of phantasying.We may lay it knock off that a happy person never phantasies, only an uneasy one. The motive forces of phantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single phantasy is the fulfilment of a wish, a bailiwick of unsatisfying reality. These motivating wishes vary hit to the sex, character and circumstances of the person who is having t he phantasy but they go with naturally into two main groups. They are either pushful wishes, which serve to elevate the heart-to-hearts personality or they are titillating ones. In young women the tickling wishes predominate almost exclusively, for their ambitiousness is as a rule draped by erotic trends.In young men swelled headistic and ambitious wishes come to the fore clearly nice alongside of erotic ones. But we will not lay stress on the opposition between the two trends we would rather emphasize the fact that they are lots united. Just as, in many altar- pieces, the portraying of the donor is to be seen in a corner of the picture, so, in the majority of ambitious phantasies, we can discover in some corner or other the dame for whom the creator of the phantasy performs all his shooteric deeds and at whose feet all his triumphs are laid.Here, as you see, there are strong enough motives for covert the well-brought-up young woman is only allowed a minimum of erotic desire, and the young man has to learn to quash the excess of self-regard which he brings with him from the spoilt days of his childhood, so that he may find his place in a society which is full of other individuals qualification equally strong demands. We essential not suppose that the products of this imaginative activity the various phantasies, castles in the air and day-dreams are stereo flaked or unalterable.On the contrary, they fit themselves in to the subjects shifting impressions of life, change with every change in his situation, and receive from every fresh active impression what might be called a date-mark. The relation of a phantasy to time is in general very important. We may say that it hovers, as it were, between three times the three moments of time which our ideation involves. Mental work is linked to some current impression, some provoking office in the present which has been able to arouse one of the subjects major wishes.From there it harks back to a mem ory board of an earlier experience (usually an infantile one) in which this wish was fulfilled and it now creates a situation relating to the future which represents a fulfilment of the wish. What it thus creates is a day-dream or phantasy, which carries about it traces of its origin from the creator which provoked it and from the memory. Thus past, present and future are thread together, as it were, on the thread of the wish that runs through them. A very ordinary example may serve to make what I cave in said clear.Let us take the case of a woeful orphan boy to whom you film given over the address of some employer where he may perhaps find a job. On his way there he may indulge in a day-dream eliminate to the situation from which it arises. The content of his phantasy will perhaps be something like this. He is given a job, finds favour with his new employer, makes himself indispensable in the business, is taken into his employers family, marries the charming young daughter o f the house, and then himself becomes a director of the business, first as his employers partner and then as his successor.In this phantasy, the dreamer has regained what he possessed in his happy childhood the protecting house, the loving parents and the first objects of his affectionate feelings. You will see from this example the way in which the wish makes use of an occasion in the present to construct, on the sort of the past, a picture of the future. There is a great deal more that could be said about phantasies but I will only allude as briefly as possible to sure points.If phantasies become over-luxuriant and over-powerful, the conditions are laid for an encroachment of neurosis or psychosis. Phantasies, moreover, are the immediate mental precursors of the distressing symptoms complained of by our patients. Here a long by-path branches off into pathology. I cannot pass over the relation of phantasies to dreams. Our dreams at shadow are nothing else than phantasies like these, as we can demonstrate from the interpretation of dreams.Language, in its unrivaled wisdom, long ago decided the question of the essential nature of dreams by giving the name of day-dreams to the gossamer creations of phantasy. If the meaning of our dreams usually remains slur to us in spite of this pointer, it is because of the circumstance that at night there also arise in us wishes of which we are ashamed these we must conceal from ourselves, and they have consequently been repressed, pushed into the unconscious(p).Repressed wishes of this sort and their derivatives are only allowed to come to expression in a very falsify form. When scientific work had succeeded in elucidating this agent of dream-distortion, it was no longer difficult to recognize that night-dreams are wish-fulfilments in just the same way as day-dreams the phantasies which we all know so well. Cf. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a).So untold for phantasies. And now for the creative write r. May we really attempt to compare the imaginative writer with the dreamer in broad daylight, and his creations with day-dreams? Here we must begin by making an initial distinction. We must straighten out writers who, like the ancient references of epics and tragedies, take over their material ready-made, from writers who seem to originate their own material.We will sustain to the latter kind, and, for the purposes of our comparison, we will choose not the writers most highly esteemed by the critics, but the less pretentious authors of cleans, romances and short stories, who nevertheless have the widest and most eager circle of readers of both sexes. One trace above all cannot fail to crash us about the creations of these story-writers each of them has a hero who is the nucleus of interest, for whom the writer tries to win our sympathy by every possible means and whom he seems to place under the protection of a special Providence.If, at the end of one chapter of my story, I leave the hero unconscious and bleeding from severe wounds, I am sure to find him at the beginning of the next being carefully nursed and on the way to recovery and if the first volume closes with the ship he is in going down in a fall upon at sea, I am accepted, at the curtain raising of the second volume, to read of his miraculous speech a rescue without which the story could not proceed.The feeling of earnest with which I follow the hero through his perilous adventures is the same as the feeling with which a hero in real life throws himself into the urine to save a drowning man or exposes himself to the enemys fire in order to storm a battery. It is the true fearless feeling, which one of our best writers has explicit in an inimitable phrase nothing can happen to me It seems to me, however, that through this revealing characteristic of impregnability we can immediately recognize His loftiness the Ego, the hero alike of every day-dream and of every story.Other typical features of these selfish stories point to the same kinship. The fact that all the women in the novel invariably fall in love with the hero can hardly be looked on as a portrayal of reality, but it is well understood as a requisite constituent of a day-dream. The same is true of the fact that the other characters in the story are sharply divided into good and bad, in defiance of the variety of human characters that are to be observed in real life.The good ones are the helpers, while the bad ones are the enemies and rivals, of the ego which has become the hero of the story. We are perfectly aware that very many imaginative literature are uttermost removed from the stupefy of the nave day-dream and yet I cannot suppress the suspicion that even the most extreme deviations from that model could be linked with it through an uninterrupted series of transitional cases. It has laid low(p) me that in many of what are know as psychological novels only one person once again the hero i s described from within.The author sits inside his mind, as it were, and looks at the other characters from outside. The psychological novel in general no incertitude owes its special nature to the inclination of the modern writer to staccato up his ego, by self- observation, into many part-egos, and, in consequence, to personify the conflicting currents of his own mental life in several heroes. Certain novels, which might be described as eccentric, seem to stand in quite special contrast to the type of the day-dream.In these, the person who is introduced as the hero plays only a very small active part he sees the actions and sufferings of other people pass before him like a spectator. Many of Zolas later deeds belong to this category. But I must point out that the psychological analysis of individuals who are not creative writers, and who diverge in some respects from the alleged(prenominal) norm, has shown us analogous variations of the day-dream, in which the ego contents itse lf with the role of spectator.If our comparison of the imaginative writer with the day-dreamer, and of poetical creation with the day-dream, is to be of any value, it must, above all, show itself in some way or other fruitful. Let us, for instance, try to apply to these authors deeds the thesis we laid down earlier concerning the relation between phantasy and the three periods of time and the wish which runs through them and, with its help, let us try to determine the connections that subsist between the life of the writer and his works.No one has known, as a rule, what expectations to frame in go abouting this problem and a great deal the connection has been thought of in much too simple terms. In the light of the insight we have gained from phantasies, we ought to expect the following plead of affairs. A strong experience in the present awakens in the creative writer a memory of an earlier experience (usually belonging to his childhood) from which there now upshot a wish which finds its fulfilment in the creative work.The work itself exhibits elements of the recent provoking occasion as well as of the old memory. Do not be alarmed at the complexity of this formula. I suspect that in fact it will prove to be too exiguous a pattern. Nevertheless, it may contain a first approach to the true differentiate of affairs and, from some experiments I have made, I am inclined to think that this way of looking at creative writings may turn out not unfruitful.You will not forget that thestress it lays on childhood memories in the writers life a stress which may perhaps seem puzzling is finally derived from the assumption that a piece of creative writing, like a day-dream, is a continuation of, and a military reserve for, what was once the play of childhood. We must not neglect, however, to go back to the kind of imaginative works which we have to recognize, not as original creations, but as the re-fashioning of ready- made and familiar material.Even here, t he writer keeps a certain amount of independence, which can express itself in the choice of material and in changes in it which are often quite extensive. In so uttermost as the material is already at hand, however, it is derived from the popular treasure-house of myths, legends and world-beater tales. The study of constructions of folk-psychology such as these is far from being complete, but it is extremely probable that myths, for instance, are warp vestiges of the wishful phantasies of whole nations, the secular dreams of juvenile humanity.You will say that, although I have put the creative writer first in the form of address of my paper, I have told you far less about him than about phantasies. I am aware of that, and I must try to excuse it by pointing to the present state of our knowledge. All I have been able to do is to throw out some encouragements and suggestions which, starting from the study of phantasies, lead on to the problem of the writers choice of his literary material.As for the other problem by what means the creative writer achieves the ablaze effects in us that are aroused by his creations we have as yet not touched on it at all. But I should like at least to point out to you the path that leads from our discussion of phantasies to the problems of poetical effects. You will remember how I have said that the day-dreamer carefully conceals his phantasies from other people because he feels he has reasons for being ashamed of them. I should now add that even if he were to communicate them to us he could give us no pleasure by his disclosures.Such phantasies, when we learn them, ride us or at least leave us cold. But when a creative writer presents his plays to us or tells us what we are inclined to take to be his personal day dreams, we experience a great pleasure, and one which probably arises from the confluence of many sources. How the writer accomplishes this is his innermost secret the essential ars poetica lies in the technique of overcoming the feeling of repulsion in us which is undoubtedly connected with the barriers that risebetween each single ego and the others.We can guess two of the methods used by this technique. The writer softens the character of his egoistic day-dreams by altering and disguising it, and he bribes us by the purely formal that is, aesthetic yield of pleasure which he offers us in the presentation of his phantasies. We give the name of an incentive bonus, or a fore-pleasure, to a yield of pleasure such as this, which is offered to us so as to make possible the release of still greater pleasure arising from deeper psychical sources.In my opinion, all the aesthetic pleasure which a creative writer affords us has the character of a fore-pleasure of this kind, and our actual enjoyment of an imaginative work proceeds from a liberation of tensions in our minds. It may even be that not a little of this effect is due to the writers enabling us thenceforward to enjoy our own day-dreams without self-reproach or shame. This brings us to the room access of new, interesting and complicated enquiries but also, at least for the moment, to the end of our discussion.The Source of Creativity in WritersWe laymen have always been intensely curious to know like the Cardinal who put a similar question to Ariosto from what sources that strange being, the creative writer, draws his material, and how he manages to make such an impression on us with it and to arouse in us emotions of which, perhaps, we had not even thought ourselves capable.Our interest is only heightened the more by the fact that, if we ask him, the writer himself gives us no explanation, or none that is satisfactory and it is not at all weakened by our knowledge that not even the clearest insight into the determinants of his choice of material and into the nature of the art of creating imaginative form will ever help to make creative writers of us. If we could at least discover in ourselves or in people like o urselves an activity which was in some way akin to creative writingAn examination of it would then give us a hope of obtaining the beginnings of an explanation of the creative work of writers. And, indeed, there is some prospect of this being possible. After all, creative writers themselves like to lessen the distance between their kind and the common run of humanity they so often assure us that every man is a poet at heart and that the last poet will not perish till the last man does. Should we not look for the first traces of imaginative activity as early as in childhood The childs best-loved and most intense occupation is with his play or games.Might we not say that every child at play behaves like a creative writer, in that he creates a world of his own, or, rather, re-arranges the things of his world in a new way which pleases him? It would be wrong to think he does not take that world seriously on the contrary, he takes his play very seriously and he expends large amounts of e motion on it. The opposite of play is not what is serious but what is real. In spite of all the emotion with which he cathects his world of play, the child distinguishes it quite well from reality and he likes to link his imagined objects and situations to the tangible and visible things of the real world.This linking is all that differentiates the childs play from phantasying. The creative writer does the same as the child at play. He creates a world of phantasy which he takes very seriously that is, which he invests with large amounts of emotion while separating it sharply from reality. Language has preserved this relationship between childrens play and poetic creation. It gives in German the name of Spiel play to those forms of imaginative writing which require to be linked to tangible objects and which are capable of representation.It speaks of a Lustspiel or Trauerspiel comedy or tragedy literally, pleasure play or mourning play and describes those who carry out the representa tion as Schauspieler players literally show-players. The unreality of the writers imaginative world, however, has very important consequences for the technique of his art for many things which, if they were real, could give no enjoyment, can do so in the play of phantasy, and many excitements which, in themselves, are actually distressing, can become a source of pleasure for the hearers and spectators at the performance of a writers work.There is another consideration for the sake of which we will dwell a moment longer on this contrast between reality and play. When the child has grown up and has ceased to play, and after he has been labouring for decades to envisage the realities of life with proper seriousness, he may one day find himself in a mental situation which once more undoes the contrast between play and reality.As an adult he can look back on the intense seriousness with which he once carried on his games in childhood and, by equating his ostensibly serious occupations of to-day with his childhood games, he can throw off the too heavy burden imposed on him by life and win the high yield of pleasure afforded by humour. As people grow up, then, they cease to play, and they seem to give up the yield of pleasure which they gained from playing. But whoever understands the human mind knows that hardly anything is harder for a man than to give up a pleasure which he has once experienced.Actually, we can never give anything up we only exchange one thing for another. What appears to be a renunciation is really the formation of a substitute or surrogate. In the same way, the growing child, when he stops playing, gives up nothing but the link with real objects instead playing, he now phantasies. He builds castles in the air and creates what are called day- dreams. I believe that most people construct phantasies at times in their lives. This is a fact which has long been overlooked and whose importance has therefore not been sufficiently appreciated.Peoples pha ntasies are less easy to observe than the play of children. The child, it is true, plays by himself or forms a closed psychical system with other children for the purposes of a game but even though he may not play his game in front of the grown-ups, he does not, on the other hand, conceal it from them. The adult, on the contrary, is ashamed of his phantasies and hides them from other people. He cherishes his phantasies as his most intimate possessions, and as a rule he would rather confess his misdeeds than tell anyone his phantasies.It may come about that for that reason he believes he is the only person who invents such phantasies and has no idea that creations of this kind are widespread among other people. This difference in the behaviour of a person who plays and a person who phantasies is accounted for by the motives of these two activities, which are nevertheless adjuncts to each other. A childs play is determined by wishes in point of fact by a single wish-one that helps in his upbringing the wish to be big and grown up. He is always playing at being grown up, and in his games he imitates what he knows about the lives of his elders.He has no reason to conceal this wish. With the adult, the case is different. On the one hand, he knows that he is expected not to go on playing or phantasying any longer, but to act in the real world on the other hand, some of the wishes which give rise to his phantasies are of a kind which it is essential to conceal. Thus he is ashamed of his phantasies as being childish and as being unpermissible. But, you will ask, if people make such a mystery of their phantasying, how is it that we know such a lot about it?Well, there is a class of human beings upon whom, not a god, indeed, but a stern goddess Necessity has allotted the task of telling what they suffer and what things give them happiness. These are the victims of nervous illness, who are obliged to tell their phantasies, among other things, to the doctor by whom the y expect to be cured by mental treatment. This is our best source of knowledge, and we have since found good reason to suppose that our patients tell us nothing that we might not also hear from healthy people. Let us now make ourselves acquainted with a few of the characteristics of phantasying.We may lay it down that a happy person never phantasies, only an unsatisfied one. The motive forces of phantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single phantasy is the fulfilment of a wish, a correction of unsatisfying reality. These motivating wishes vary according to the sex, character and circumstances of the person who is having the phantasy but they fall naturally into two main groups. They are either ambitious wishes, which serve to elevate the subjects personality or they are erotic ones. In young women the erotic wishes predominate almost exclusively, for their ambition is as a rule absorbed by erotic trends.In young men egoistic and ambitious wishes come to the fore clearly enough alongside of erotic ones. But we will not lay stress on the opposition between the two trends we would rather emphasize the fact that they are often united. Just as, in many altar- pieces, the portrait of the donor is to be seen in a corner of the picture, so, in the majority of ambitious phantasies, we can discover in some corner or other the lady for whom the creator of the phantasy performs all his heroic deeds and at whose feet all his triumphs are laid.Here, as you see, there are strong enough motives for concealment the well-brought-up young woman is only allowed a minimum of erotic desire, and the young man has to learn to suppress the excess of self-regard which he brings with him from the spoilt days of his childhood, so that he may find his place in a society which is full of other individuals making equally strong demands. We must not suppose that the products of this imaginative activity the various phantasies, castles in the air and day-dreams are stereotyped or unal terable.On the contrary, they fit themselves in to the subjects shifting impressions of life, change with every change in his situation, and receive from every fresh active impression what might be called a date-mark. The relation of a phantasy to time is in general very important. We may say that it hovers, as it were, between three times the three moments of time which our ideation involves. Mental work is linked to some current impression, some provoking occasion in the present which has been able to arouse one of the subjects major wishes.From there it harks back to a memory of an earlier experience (usually an infantile one) in which this wish was fulfilled and it now creates a situation relating to the future which represents a fulfilment of the wish. What it thus creates is a day-dream or phantasy, which carries about it traces of its origin from the occasion which provoked it and from the memory. Thus past, present and future are strung together, as it were, on the thread o f the wish that runs through them. A very ordinary example may serve to make what I have said clear.Let us take the case of a poor orphan boy to whom you have given the address of some employer where he may perhaps find a job. On his way there he may indulge in a day-dream appropriate to the situation from which it arises. The content of his phantasy will perhaps be something like this. He is given a job, finds favour with his new employer, makes himself indispensable in the business, is taken into his employers family, marries the charming young daughter of the house, and then himself becomes a director of the business, first as his employers partner and then as his successor.In this phantasy, the dreamer has regained what he possessed in his happy childhood the protecting house, the loving parents and the first objects of his affectionate feelings. You will see from this example the way in which the wish makes use of an occasion in the present to construct, on the pattern of the past, a picture of the future. There is a great deal more that could be said about phantasies but I will only allude as briefly as possible to certain points.If phantasies become over-luxuriant and over-powerful, the conditions are laid for an onset of neurosis or psychosis. Phantasies, moreover, are the immediate mental precursors of the distressing symptoms complained of by our patients. Here a broad by-path branches off into pathology. I cannot pass over the relation of phantasies to dreams. Our dreams at night are nothing else than phantasies like these, as we can demonstrate from the interpretation of dreams.? Language, in its unrivalled wisdom, long ago decided the question of the essential nature of dreams by giving the name of day-dreams to the airy creations of phantasy. If the meaning of our dreams usually remains obscure to us in spite of this pointer, it is because of the circumstance that at night there also arise in us wishes of which we are ashamed these we must conce al from ourselves, and they have consequently been repressed, pushed into the unconscious.Repressed wishes of this sort and their derivatives are only allowed to come to expression in a very distorted form. When scientific work had succeeded in elucidating this factor of dream-distortion, it was no longer difficult to recognize that night-dreams are wish-fulfilments in just the same way as day-dreams the phantasies which we all know so well. ? Cf. Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a).So much for phantasies. And now for the creative writer. May we really attempt to compare the imaginative writer with the dreamer in broad daylight, and his creations with day-dreams? Here we must begin by making an initial distinction. We must separate writers who, like the ancient authors of epics and tragedies, take over their material ready-made, from writers who seem to originate their own material.We will keep to the latter kind, and, for the purposes of our comparison, we will choose not the writers most highly esteemed by the critics, but the less pretentious authors of novels, romances and short stories, who nevertheless have the widest and most eager circle of readers of both sexes. One feature above all cannot fail to strike us about the creations of these story-writers each of them has a hero who is the centre of interest, for whom the writer tries to win our sympathy by every possible means and whom he seems to place under the protection of a special Providence.If, at the end of one chapter of my story, I leave the hero unconscious and bleeding from severe wounds, I am sure to find him at the beginning of the next being carefully nursed and on the way to recovery and if the first volume closes with the ship he is in going down in a storm at sea, I am certain, at the opening of the second volume, to read of his miraculous rescue a rescue without which the story could not proceed.The feeling of security with which I follow the hero through his perilous adventur es is the same as the feeling with which a hero in real life throws himself into the water to save a drowning man or exposes himself to the enemys fire in order to storm a battery. It is the true heroic feeling, which one of our best writers has expressed in an inimitable phrase Nothing can happen to me It seems to me, however, that through this revealing characteristic of invulnerability we can immediately recognize His Majesty the Ego, the hero alike of every day-dream and of every story.Other typical features of these egocentric stories point to the same kinship. The fact that all the women in the novel invariably fall in love with the hero can hardly be looked on as a portrayal of reality, but it is easily understood as a necessary constituent of a day-dream. The same is true of the fact that the other characters in the story are sharply divided into good and bad, in defiance of the variety of human characters that are to be observed in real life.The good ones are the helpers, while the bad ones are the enemies and rivals, of the ego which has become the hero of the story. We are perfectly aware that very many imaginative writings are far removed from the model of the naive day-dream and yet I cannot suppress the suspicion that even the most extreme deviations from that model could be linked with it through an uninterrupted series of transitional cases. It has struck me that in many of what are known as psychological novels only one person once again the hero is described from within.The author sits inside his mind, as it were, and looks at the other characters from outside. The psychological novel in general no doubt owes its special nature to the inclination of the modern writer to split up his ego, by self- observation, into many part-egos, and, in consequence, to personify the conflicting currents of his own mental life in several heroes. Certain novels, which might be described as eccentric, seem to stand in quite special contrast to the type of th e day-dream.In these, the person who is introduced as the hero plays only a very small active part he sees the actions and sufferings of other people pass before him like a spectator. Many of Zolas later works belong to this category. But I must point out that the psychological analysis of individuals who are not creative writers, and who diverge in some respects from the so-called norm, has shown us analogous variations of the day-dream, in which the ego contents itself with the role of spectator.If our comparison of the imaginative writer with the day-dreamer, and of poetical creation with the day-dream, is to be of any value, it must, above all, show itself in some way or other fruitful. Let us, for instance, try to apply to these authors works the thesis we laid down earlier concerning the relation between phantasy and the three periods of time and the wish which runs through them and, with its help, let us try to study the connections that exist between the life of the writer a nd his works.No one has known, as a rule, what expectations to frame in approaching this problem and often the connection has been thought of in much too simple terms. In the light of the insight we have gained from phantasies, we ought to expect the following state of affairs. A strong experience in the present awakens in the creative writer a memory of an earlier experience (usually belonging to his childhood) from which there now proceeds a wish which finds its fulfilment in the creative work.The work itself exhibits elements of the recent provoking occasion as well as of the old memory. Do not be alarmed at the complexity of this formula. I suspect that in fact it will prove to be too exiguous a pattern. Nevertheless, it may contain a first approach to the true state of affairs and, from some experiments I have made, I am inclined to think that this way of looking at creative writings may turn out not unfruitful.You will not forget that thestress it lays on childhood memories in the writers life a stress which may perhaps seem puzzling is ultimately derived from the assumption that a piece of creative writing, like a day-dream, is a continuation of, and a substitute for, what was once the play of childhood. We must not neglect, however, to go back to the kind of imaginative works which we have to recognize, not as original creations, but as the re-fashioning of ready- made and familiar material.Even here, the writer keeps a certain amount of independence, which can express itself in the choice of material and in changes in it which are often quite extensive. In so far as the material is already at hand, however, it is derived from the popular treasure-house of myths, legends and fairy tales. The study of constructions of folk-psychology such as these is far from being complete, but it is extremely probable that myths, for instance, are distorted vestiges of the wishful phantasies of whole nations, the secular dreams of youthful humanity.You will say that , although I have put the creative writer first in the title of my paper, I have told you far less about him than about phantasies. I am aware of that, and I must try to excuse it by pointing to the present state of our knowledge. All I have been able to do is to throw out some encouragements and suggestions which, starting from the study of phantasies, lead on to the problem of the writers choice of his literary material.As for the other problem by what means the creative writer achieves the emotional effects in us that are aroused by his creations we have as yet not touched on it at all. But I should like at least to point out to you the path that leads from our discussion of phantasies to the problems of poetical effects. You will remember how I have said that the day-dreamer carefully conceals his phantasies from other people because he feels he has reasons for being ashamed of them. I should now add that even if he were to communicate them to us he could give us no pleasure b y his disclosures.Such phantasies, when we learn them, repel us or at least leave us cold. But when a creative writer presents his plays to us or tells us what we are inclined to take to be his personal day dreams, we experience a great pleasure, and one which probably arises from the confluence of many sources. How the writer accomplishes this is his innermost secret the essential ars poetica lies in the technique of overcoming the feeling of repulsion in us which is undoubtedly connected with the barriers that risebetween each single ego and the others.We can guess two of the methods used by this technique. The writer softens the character of his egoistic day-dreams by altering and disguising it, and he bribes us by the purely formal that is, aesthetic yield of pleasure which he offers us in the presentation of his phantasies. We give the name of an incentive bonus, or a fore-pleasure, to a yield of pleasure such as this, which is offered to us so as to make possible the release of still greater pleasure arising from deeper psychical sources.In my opinion, all the aesthetic pleasure which a creative writer affords us has the character of a fore-pleasure of this kind, and our actual enjoyment of an imaginative work proceeds from a liberation of tensions in our minds. It may even be that not a little of this effect is due to the writers enabling us thenceforward to enjoy our own day-dreams without self-reproach or shame. This brings us to the threshold of new, interesting and complicated enquiries but also, at least for the moment, to the end of our discussion.