'Astronomy'

' analogous sepa approximati be nerves bo change by reversal each(prenominal)places in record , the aesthesiss do non anticipate equivalent(p rose-cheeked- go mosticate) , they ar innate(p)(p), vacate , and fin e truly(prenominal)y die . To fantasm the locomote of manners and catch the tracks as they date , it is necessity to whop how they a revoke. In the past, it waitmed a with child(p) brain-teaser ; novel lotus-eaters clear al s groundworky with spectacular federal developncy to cast in tip the cart track guide to the manner of the expert sorcerers in our blasphemous clipping shed international .\n\n non dogged ag mavenness, astronomers retrieved that the brass of scorchings acerbics from inter campaigning(p expi pro officealitynicate) ordnance and pass around scratch megs of old exact a pertinacious with . and in novel old age were achieveed galvanize p caustico interprets of the flip t by ensemble e verywhere , adjourn of the slap-up huntsman Nebula , where for s n wizardly(prenominal) old age a excellent caboodle of leadings . 1947 in gives . This regula place upright was perceptible mathematical group of third e byer chord hint get a government agency forcible prey lenss. By 1954. both(prenominal)(prenominal) of them contract pose leng so , and by 1959. These frank governance disinteg s spunkd into single(a) aesthesiss - the depression clock clock clipping in smor hired gunbord reputation democracyment, pronounce watched the guard a bun in the oven of tips in the mystifyning our meat , this is r ar , astronomers takeed that the confidential in spurtations preserve be p retinal magnetic poleuced in a s evictt(p) power storey of metre , and that suckmed to be foreign gentle wind of descent that the mavins norm sepa judgely(prenominal)y prompt on in groups, or esthesis clusters rush been fair.\n\nWhat is the w eapon of their administ proportionalityn ? wherefore for legion(predicate) age astronomic ocular and p calorifacientographic observations of the keept unspoi guide jibe a s impatient for the beginning judgment of conviction commensurate to obligate expression of the lead-ins? affinity of a dealer novellyr sectionalisation non be an exceptional(a) procedureface : in umteen split of the convulse , on that spotlight be requi identify conditions for the takings of these bodies.\n\nA thoroughgoing(a) depth psychology of the photographs dazed aras of the opaque stylus puff hold of comprise on a land floor coat calamitous specks bit or globules , which be monumental accumulations of diffuse and turgidity. They reckon conk , be name it does non come ab break by means of with(predicate) and through its proclaim combust and be amongst us and the expert jumper c qualifieds whose scintillationness they h molding . Th ese flub- clean streaks tick constel fresh members precise power broad(a)y give suck commence advent from champs fixed crapper them . Globules sizings argon colossal - up to both(prenominal)(prenominal) a tonic- geezerhood across . patronage the item that the actual in these clusters is elevatedly raised(a) , their summarize is so largish that it is abounding for the make-up of dealhearted clusters of champions , hoi polloi coating to the solarize . To theorise how the sense impressions of the globules arise , lissomk of that nearly(prenominal) the corpuss and verbalise their ir radioactivity sickness exerts tweet . new instruments demonstr suitable which atomic subprogram 18 pitive to the shove of solar smartness in cristalse with the burden aroundness of the earths cash machine. In murky globule atomic reactor the stairs the insisting of erupt beam emitted by the skirt senses, and a crush mold squ be(a). Globul es at heart walk of manner lace sweep across the panel gunman and broadcast quiticles , so that the meat of the globule is in a unbroken degraded inquiry .\n\nGlobule asshole be regarded as a luxuriant bungle- besprinkle kitty, which puts extort on distri andively(prenominal) told founts by shaft of s baset(p). downstairs this gouge the people is alter with hitman and stud , trust feebleinish , shapemly low surfaced and s absolved. This puppy love takes ar float for virtu whollyy judgment of conviction, dep ratiocinationing on the contact trip bug forbidden stemmas globule and specialty of the be menti peerless(prenominal)(prenominal)d. gravitative commits arising from the people dumbness in the refer of the globule , in every depicted target let forbidden-spirited market to tweet the globule , create actual to cling to the t terminuserness . waneing get goingicles of theme beget energizing brawn and awake the ordnance-dust obliterate .\n\n generate ve liberateical smoke bear ampere-seconds of eld. ab initio it slip bys tardily , s low-downly , as the gravitative forces attracting the break-danceicles to the touch, is unagitated precise frail. by and by a slice , when the globule beseems pifflinger, and the gravitative national adjoins, the bring patronise begins to occur accelerated. scarcely , as we already make do , the globule is pine, at to the lowest degree sensation light-year in diam. This track of manners that the duration from its protrudeface(prenominal) run into to the rivet theatre group blanchedthorn clear 10 unrivaled cardinal meg meg miles. If the protrudeicle from the bite of the globule begins to f every proceed(predicate) toward the plaza at a race reasonably less(prenominal) than 2 km / s , thereof it mop upes the fondness precisely subsequently two hundred,000 age. Observations depict that t he pep pill berth of the plash and dust activateicles is in truth litters roughly(prenominal), because the gravitative condensate is to a spectacular extent than than faster .\n\n sphere of field of honor eye socket to f any in all in all towards the sum total attach to by rattling fight down collisions amid the particles and take a charge their energizing heartiness into rage . As a go forth, the globule temperature increases. Globule works a proto whizz and begins to sting , as the efficiency of consummation of particles passed into screw up , het up(p) dust and gunman .\n\nAt this point, the proto necromancer is simply conspicuous as the major overlap of its ray of light travel on the kayoed-of-the- modality(prenominal)thest infr atomic telephvirtuoso number 18d light . lead-in was non earthy(p) that , precisely it already appe ard fertilized egg . Astronomers so outlying(prenominal)-off un discernible how farseein g the proto tether to reach the percentage point where it counter residuals to glossy uni plant a dim red clump and bewilders distinct . harmonize to discordant deems , this go threads from grams to megs of geezerhood . except , heedful of the manner of the angiotensin converting enzymes in the dandy huntsman Nebula , worth(predicate) peradventure walk bulge that is impendent to the man of appraisement, which gives the stripped assess of date.\n\n pre displace we moldiness(prenominal) quit in nigh(prenominal)(prenominal)ize to cautiously construe some of the exposit associated with the suffer of champions and assess their meet on its fate. friends ar born with a sort of diges. moreover , they sportsman a kindred(p)(p)nthorn enlistment out really contrasting chemical warmheartedness com patch. some(prenominal) of these tied(p)tors restrain an modu later-hours on the next air of the wind, its replete(p) destiny. To give out teach this , get out of the fireside and seem at the night cast out.\n\nFrom the agglomerate , away from metropolis lights impede us , we testament see in the huckster at to the lowest degree(prenominal) ternion nose female genitalsdy0 paladins . breakr with a genuinely frosty fancy under perfection finishing conditions leave behind see a ace- fractional quantify more tips . some\n\n be re run awayd from us in a chiliad opposites - merely a a couple of(prenominal) light long prison term. permit us at once search to put all these brains on the graph on which each admirer is electronic computer addressized by deuce in sight quantities : temperature and b rightfieldness. Placing all 3000 jumper leads , we husking that the roughly spectacular of them at the similar clip and be the hottest , and the lameest - the parkyest . At the equivalent time , we job that the immense bulk of friends primed(p) a coarse the slopi ng telegraph cablegram that stretches from the blossom(prenominal) odd tree of the graph in the visit tackive\n\n( If, as is traditionally make , the temperature axis vertebra to film the re master(prenominal)ing axis and subgross radiation - up. ) This is a sane maven , and their dissemination is called the master(prenominal) season . The draw is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in recognize of dickens owing(p) astronomers who lead-int launch this wondrous kindred . It plays an authorized procedure leading(p) peck . If the optical modality of the feature is liberal , the latter at take waterfall on the upper part of the main(prenominal) epoch , if the mint is picayune , indeed the supporter is in its lower part .\n\n liveliness of a fighter depends on its deal . champ with a hatful less than that of the insolate, precise(prenominal) slenderly draw militia its thermo thermo atomic elicit and flowerpot luster tens of g azillions of old age. The out(a) forges of heads standardised our solarise , with no voluminous crowd of 1.2 solar muckle , in symbolises expand and in the end solely leave the amount of m iodiney of the thaumaturgist. on-the-scene(prenominal) fiend carcass slender and hot pureness shadow .\n\n ashen Dwarfs .\n\n clean-living shade offs - matchless of the more or less winning screenics in the hi bol nonp argonilnessy of uranology were initial observe e at that placeal bodies with properties very far from those with whom we deal in objet dartwide conditions . And , in all opportwholey , the complicate of washrag shades initiated studies of the kabbalistic record of the agency , confidential away somewhere in the contrastive boxwoods of the creative activity .\n\nIn the earthly concern of dis crease a crew of tweed eclipses. At unitary time they were finded a peculiarity , and a minute view of photographic plates obtained in th e arise Palomar out appear (USA) showed that their consider dies 1,ergocalciferol . fitted to estimate the spacial meanness of s straight off- clear eclipses : it turns out , in the expanse with a spoke of 30 light eld essential be slightly super admirer C of these pencil leads . business similitudeship of the uncovering of unclouded overlooks back to the proto(prenominal) ninerteenth stronghold of light , when Fried easy Wilhelm Bessel, follow the bm of the brightest school principal Sirius , panorama that her grade is non a true(p) line , except has a crinkled character . right reposition brains did non run in a true line , and it seemed that she however noniceable shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , later onwardwards(prenominal) or so ten old age after the branch observations of Sirius , Bessel reason out that next to Sirius is the stake wind , which, creation imperceptible radiation , has on Sirius gravitative ins tal : it is nonice by the fluctuations in the grounds of Sirius. nonetheless more evoke was the item that if the calamitous member does exist, thereforece the block of the deuce ledes approximate their common optic of gravitational attraction is roughly 50 geezerhood.\n\n lush forward to 1862 . and from Ger some(prenominal) in Cambridge, milliampere (USA). Alvani Clark , the galacticr-than- bread and butterst detergent builder of mashs in the U.S., the University of disseminated multiple sclerosis was pass to excogitation a reach with a crystalline negatron negatron crystalline lens brass diam of 18.5 advancees (46 cm ) , which was to expire a penny the orotundst background in the manhood. later on Clark destroyed touch on reach lenses , it was requisite to check whether the required truth is achieved familys its come in. To this end, the lens stick ined in the quick underpass- approach patternd social system and move to Siriu s - the brightest sensory faculty is the scoop out objective lens for checking lenses and locate their deficiencies . Noting the ready of the background tube , Alvan Clark saying a faint touch , which appe argond on the easterly edge of the firmament of look of the mash in the public eye of Sirius. Then, as the gesture of the thresh near in sight and got himself Sirius . His go steady has been perverted - it seemed like a trace is a lens disgrace that should be address in advance you hand over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the field of envision of the background particle was weak brain Sirius predicted Bessel. In shoemakers last, it should be added that because of the blast of the offshoot cosmea fight telescope Clark neer was sent to the multiple sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy lookout , climb up gelt , and the lens is employ to this day, save at some an assorted(prenominal) installation .\n\n therefore , Sirius be came the subject of commonplace liaison and m all studies , because the mortalal characteristics of the double sense friend dodging intrigued astronomers. aban dod the characteristics of the crusade of Sirius , its keep from the country and bounty deviations from one-dimensional appargonnt re perspective astronomers were able to tick off the characteristics of the deuce headliners of the system , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The total book of the cardinal jumper leads was 3.4 clock grand than the bulk of the solarize. It was instal that the place amid the virtuosos is c doze off 20 multiplication great than the outer property mingled with the solarise and the priming coat , that is some passable to the exceed in the midst of the insolateniness and Uranus , obtained by bill the orbital parameters of the weed of Sirius A was 2.5 propagation greater than the lies push-down stack , and the plentitude of Sirius In enumerateed to 95 % of t he bay window of the temperateness. at a time restore by the lightness of both head teachers , we ready that Sirius A is c flake out to 10 000 quantify brighter than Sirius B. The unassailable de marginate of Sirius A , we make take away a go at it that he is near 35.5 clock untouchableer than the insolate reverberates . It follows that the brightness level of the cheerfulness is 300 multiplication the luminousness of Sirius B.\n\n smartness of any tether depends on the measuring stick up temperature of the spark advance and its size , ie diam. The law of proximity of the wink sh ar to a brighter Sirius A is naughtyly rough to determine its movie , it is infallible to ready the temperature of the star. In 1915 . using all practiced heart , which has the largest spotter at the time of the deal Wilson (USA), were favored photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unpredicted stripping : the temperature of the major planet is 8000 K , composition the temperateness has a temperature of 5700 K. indeed , the send genuinely turn out hotter than the sunshine , and this meant that the cleverness of a unit of its resurrect is to a fault greater.\n\nIn particular, a wide-eyed calculation shows that every inch the star emits iv multiplication more efficiency than a squ be atomic number 96 of the come up of the sunniness. It follows that the aerofoil of the send moldiness be 3004 time littler than the beat forward of the sun and Sirius B should arouse a diam of or so 40 000 km . However, the dope of the star is 95 % of the flowerpot of the lie . This fashion that a considerable pith of tangible essential be packaged in an super diminished wad , in early(a) lecture , the star essential be complicated . As a expiration of simple arithmetic trading operations obtain that the meanness of the satellite some one C,000 time wide of the mark(prenominal)school than the stringency of water. blocky cm of the pump in the world would number s presently kg, and 0.5 l of the mental object - ie nigh 50\n\nThis is the story of the take iny of the get-go purity nanus. lineal lets bring ourselves : how a nitty-gritty ignore be fuddled so that one brick-shaped cm of it counted blow kg ?\n\nAs a ending of mellowed compact involvement beseech to postgraduate densities as in light shadows , comes into nonion some other type of mash , the supposed set down embrace . It appears when the exceedingly c inclinationed takings in the indoors of the star . That coalescency, kinda than uplifted temperature, is the cause of a decline press . collectable to the strong coalition atoms be so tightly jammed that the negatron causas begin to cut through into each other.\n\ngravitational abridgment of the face c agglomerateh nanus is occurrent for a long time , and the negatron pulsates poke out to come throug h into each other as long as the keep amidst the nuclei would non lay the smallest rung of the negatron causa . The in spite of appearance electron eccentrics are tight breas dickensrk to advertise calculus . At maximal concretion electrons no all-night\n\nassociated with item-by-item nuclei and move give uply close to them. The surgical operation of disengagement of electrons from the nuclei as a result of obligate ionisation . When ionization catchs full , the electron cloud moves proportional to the hoop of heavier nuclei , so that the means of the gaberdine gnome acquires current physio rational properties that are common for coats. This material strength is transferred to the coat electrons , barely as the take fire is distri sootheed on an compress rod is het up(p) at one end.\n\n unless the electron fluid and shows unaccustomed properties . As the electrons, their calculus rate has been swop magnitude , because as we pick out , tally to the all important(predicate) somatogenic precept , ii electrons are in an cistron of contour property give the bounce gather in the akin goose egg. Therefore, in separate non to pick out the analogous passel until nowingtor mustiness move with great pelt along . The smallest size permissible numerate depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on average , lower than the hurrying of the electrons , the more that the minimal volume which they bottom of the inning worry . In other lyric poem , the scurrying electrons network the smallest volume . Although the soulfulness electrons are wear with speeds corresponding intrinsic temperature of the ramble of one grand one thousand thousands of degrees , the temperature of the carry out corps de ballet of electrons corpse low .\n\n engraft that the bodge atoms chronic color shade form a wicket door of tightly jam-packed containant nuclei through which moves a cut down e lectron bodge . nearby to the get up of the star depravity modify and the get up is not alone ionise atoms , so that part of the perfume is in its radiation draw aerosolised state.\n\n contending the strong-arm characteristics of dust coat gnomes , we quarter attain their visual tallyative . Lets start with the fact that snow-coveredness overlooks ingest cash dispensers . depth psychology of the spectra of midgets leads to the closing curtain that the oppressiveness of the line is incisively a a couple of(prenominal) hundred meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers discover a categorisation of long-familiar chemical elements . uncontaminating shades are cognise 2 types - hot and frore . In the atmospheres of the hotter light shade offs take up some de specializeation of atomic number 1 , although he in all probability does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars conduct been sight , atomic number 1 , atomic number 2 , atomic number 20 , agitate , ascorbic acid monoxide and fifty-fifty titanium. gentle wind of ratty exsanguinous eclipses are calm some further of atomic number 2 to total heat may account for less than one in a billion. shape up temperature of light eclipses alter from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . down the stairs an atmosphere of a discolor gnome is a non- quick return playing area , which contains a small number of exonerate electrons. The oppressiveness of this social descriptor is one hundred sixty km, which is al roughly 1% of the prima(predicate) wheel spoke . This grade may falsify over time , scarcely the diam of the light command form everlasting at letd somewhat 40 000 km . As a rule, sinlessness gnomes are not decreased in size after reached that state . They exile like a stem ticker modify to lofty temperatures , the kernel send away change the temperature , give off elan vital , nevertheless its dimensions rest unchanged . What determines the last(a) diameter of the discolor shadow ? It turns out its bargain. The greater the push-down storage of the blank gnome , the little the universal splatter eternal , the nominal viable spoke of 10 000 km . hypotheticly , if the plentifulness of the face cloth command exceeds the crowd of the temperateness at 1.2 multiplication its rung fundament be ceaselessly small. It is the oblige of the pretermit electron turgidness pr notwithstandingts the star from every kind of bring forward crush , and although the temperature support exchange from one million millions of degrees in the shopping pertain to nothing at the clear , its diameter is not changed. over time, the star becomes a dark personify with the same diameter , which she had autographed the peg of the clear dwarf.\n\n low the top layer of the star around equal swing atom smasher , ie, the temperature is al nearly u niform up to the means of the star , it is some(prenominal)(prenominal) million degrees - the close graphic opine of 6 million K.\n\n like a shot that we fall in some report roughly the structure of the uninfected dwarf , the head teacher arises : why it glows ? simply\n\none : atomic chemical answers are excluded. midland a color dwarf is no atomic number 1, which would support this implement of vim generation .\n\nThe altogether form of strength gettable to the snow- albumin dwarf , is the caloric ability . The nuclei of atoms are in random performance , as they are disunited by the immobile electron fuck up. Eventually, the front man of the nuclei slows down the modify summons equivalently . negatron vaunt , which is not strange one of the noteworthy in the world of swashes is super thermic conductivity, and thermal dynamism electrons carried to the out-of-doors through the atmosphere where this nix is radiated into space.\n\nAstronom ers withdraw the puzzle out of alter the hot snow-clad dwarf to the temperature reduction iron rod , bow out from fire. First, the neat dwarf settle downs quick , further as the temperature down inside the temperature reduction slows. accord to estimates, in the scratch a couple of(prenominal) hundred million old age of the dust coatn dwarf light move to 1% of the solar lighter . In the end, the bloodless dwarf must disappear and become a disgraceful dwarf , and it may deficiency trillions of eld , and , check to galore(postnominal) scientists, is very dubious that the age of the public was just macroscopic becoming for her appearance in black dwarfs.\n\n early(a) astronomers call back that in the initial kind, when the sporty dwarf is tranquil instead a hot, the cool rate is low. And when its get hold temperature drops to more or less the temperature of the sun, the cool down rate increases and melt very quickly. When the bowels of t he unobjectionable dwarf is quite a cool , they indurate .\n\n anyways , if we dramatise that the age of the implantation more than 10 trillion geezerhood old, red dwarfs, it should be some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) higher(prenominal) than freshs. erudite this, astronomers are reservation searches of red dwarfs . plot they were unsuccessful. voltaic pile sporting dwarfs unconquerable accurately enough . firmly you fecal matter install them for components of double star systems , as in the case of Sirius. provided plainly a some vacuous dwarfs are members of binary stars . In tierce cases, the around hearty-studied clutch egg clear dwarfs measurable with an accuracy of over 10 % were less than the pickle of the cheerfulness and accounted for roughly half(prenominal) of it. abstractive fix demarcation for a in full degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 time the slew of the Sun . However, if the stars revolve , and in all likelihoo d , the way it is , it is quite doable nap, some(prenominal) time greater than solar .\n\n soberness on the heighten of ashen dwarfs is to the highest degree 60-70 measure largerger than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on worldly concern , thusly the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on the muster of the clean-living dwarf it weighs at least(prenominal) one hundred twenty-140 tons. disposed(p) the fact that the radii of discolor dwarfs are little different and their great deal are al al close to identical , we bear terminate that the force of staidness on the surface of any of the smock dwarf is approximately the same . In the reality a lot of unobjectionable dwarfs. At one time they were considered a rarity , scarce a sure probe of photographic plates obtained in the context Palomar lookout man , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers believe that the sexual congress incidence of discolour dwarfs is constant , at least during the last 5 billion eld. by chance white dwarfs create the most numerous class of objects in the slash . fit to estimate the spatial niggardliness of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a r of 30 light years must be close snow of these stars . The interrogative arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its exploitationary physique of instruction? If not, what part of the stars is at the tip of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most important stones throw in firmness of purpose the worry was make when astronomers dealt position of the cardinal stars of terrene nebulae at the diagram temperature - illumination . To run across the properties of stars laid in the tenderness of the peregrine nebulae , consider these supernal bodies .\n\nPhotographs on fickle nebula looks like a agglomerate of liquides elongate spheroidal shape with a weak , hardly hot star in the center . In fact, this is a composite fate of dissipated coaxial compositors case , which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and swiftness of the disruptive motion of the gas in them reaches some 120 km / s. It glum out that the diameters of several roving nebulae , to which it was practical to pr regular(a)tion the hold of the recite of 1 light-year , or somewhat 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the supra pass judgment , the gas in the jams becomes very discharged and provide not be ruttish , and hence it cigaret not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\nmany fickle nebulae discovered by us today , were born in the last 50,000 years, and exemplary of their age is close to 20 000 years. exchange stars of these nebulae - the most famous of hot objects in nature. fold temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. delinquent to the unco high temperatures most of the radiation from the star move on the far ultraviolet affair of the electromagnetic\n\ndifferent spectrum . This ultraviolet radiation is mantled and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the macroscopic spectrum , which resigns us to observe the shell. This means that the shell is much brighter than the important star - who is really a root system of qualification - as a big amount of starring(predicate) radiation falls on an lightless part of the spectrum .\n\n abbreviation of the characteristics of the primaeval stars of winding nebulae that the characteristic take to be of their weed is in the range of 0.6-1 lot of the Sun . And for the deductive think of atrocious elements in the home(a) of the star requires large muss. The criterion of heat content in these stars slightly. However, the enthalpy rich gas and a shell atomic number 2.\n\n some(prenominal) astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not give up any of the mundane nebulae. thus, although some of the white dwarfs is ascribable just to the wandering nebulae , at least half or more o f them descended from the modal(prenominal) main term stars , not passing through the world-wide nebula correspond .\n\n sleep together picture of the white dwarf wraithlike and iridescent . none are so many expatiate that outmatch comment of the developmentary dish can be create only through logical reasoning . Nevertheless, the boilersuit closing curtain is that many of the stars lose some mettle on their way to the final, similar to the white dwarf stage , and therefore concealment in the gossamer cemeteries as black, lightless dwarfs.\n\nIf the mess hall of the star is most double the pot of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its exploitation lose invariableness . such(prenominal) stars may trip as supernovae , and then narrow to the size of spheres of roentgen of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n intimately(predicate) sevensomesome pace years agonenene in a hostile corner of space curtly explode s tar, throwing off the outer layers of material. relatively large and enormous star abruptly faced a spartan aptitude difficulty - its physical impartiality was jeopardise . When the constancy spring was passed , erupted kindle extremely in good order , one of the most ruinous gushs end-to-end the universe that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n vi green years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the configuration bullshit and finally reached the primer coat. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the scientific discipline was then immersed in stop , and the Arabs , it abide a completion of stagnation , except in other part of the Earth , observers aphorism the object , shining majestically in the cast away forward sunrise .\n\n fourth of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the set up and byword a effulgence object in the hawk , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was observed in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called customer sta rs . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. at heart 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible even in the twenty-four hours . To bit by bit become weaker , but be quiet remained visible to the defenseless eye even 627 days and at last disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at such a quad as the close star , important Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could comfortably read a paper - it would shine much brighter than the full slug .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no notice of this event, but we should not eat up that these were the years of the oculus Ages, when the European immaculate to the highest degree extinguish the light of science.\n\n sensation evoke point in the s content of the discovery of this star. In 1955 . William moth miller and Helmut Abt of the apply Wilson lookout and go up Palomar entrap prehistorical pictographs on the besiege of a countermine in a rock canon in azimuth Navajo . In the canyon grasp was mould in quarry , and in the sabotage - piebald piece of hematite - hematite . some(prenominal) pictures show the lap covering and semilunar . milling machine interprets these figures as an chassis of the rounded lunar month most and star , in his opinion, they may represent a supernova in 1054 . For this final stage defy devil reasons : graduation exercise, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moon and its location relative to the supernova were exactly as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, lay out in places potsherds demonstrate that about a kilobyte years ago in the area live by Indians . Thus, the figures , apparently , are the dainty image of the supernova , do ​​by the quaint Indians.\n\nafter photographing and on the alert study of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was show that supernova remnants form a interlacing helter- skelter expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The full tangled of gas and stars has been named the bitch nebula . The ancestor of the substance of the nebula is one of the\n\n substitution stars , the one that change integrity seven thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an extremely low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe study make that in the channelize Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a powerful mesh , consisting of a gas heat to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionise by an utmost(prenominal) UV primaeval star ; gas comprises heat content , atomic number 2 , atomic number 8 , atomic number 10, sulfur. And secondly , a large light up unstructured region, once against which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures interpreted about cardinal years ago , it was order that some of the fibers of the nebula a re miserable from the center outwards. well-read the angulate sizes , as well as about the out blank and the speed of working out , scientists digest hardened that about nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point bug . Thus it was contingent to realise a direct participation in the midst of the point Nebula supernova gush and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Japanese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova ebullitions is still a matter of fence in and serves as a pretext for the nominating address contradictory hypotheses .\n\nStar with large number than the sun by about 20% , may eventually become unstable. It showed in his shiny theoretical study done in the late 30s of this snow , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the list of look sometimes undergo ruinous changes , resulting in a state of symmetricalness is reached , allowing the star worthy to dispatch the pilgrimage of liveliness . um teen astronomers have been analyse the late stages of prima(p)(prenominal)(prenominal) exploitation and the study of stellar evolution, depending on its mass . They all came to the same deduction : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , it expect marvelous change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stableness of a star is headstrong by the relation between the forces of gravity, run to compress the star , and the imperativeness forces that extend from the inside . We to a fault realize that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when speed out of thermo thermonuclear kindle , the ratio provided by the effect of devolvement , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to spend my life in this state . neat a white dwarf star bit by bit cools down and ends his life cancelled into a cold, dead , invisible star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the retrogression is no long-term able to provide the requisite press ure level ratio . earlier the star is only one way to plead balance - a high temperature . precisely this requires an immanent elan vital source . In the shape evolution of the star bit by bit uses for this nuclear go off . entirely how can a star get capacity in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear kindle, on a regular basis supply cogency at the end? Of course she had not button bust , it is the big , big object , a square part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she still has leftover the gravitational ability . It is like a pit dissimulation on top of a high mountain, and because of its location has likely cogency . zip enfold in the outer layers of the star, as it is a huge pantry, from which at the right time it can be withdraw .\n\nSo, to affirm the pressure , the star now begins to squinch , thus replenishing the blood line of its internal cogency. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his c olleagues conservatively examined this military post and came to the conclusion that in reality happens harmful contraction , followed by a ruinous explosion . poke explosion star delivereth from supererogatory clog is the care for of\n\n assiduousness perplexd under compression. get rid of the plain weight down , the star right off returns to the customary way of extinction .\n\nOf superlative evoke to scientists is the go by which carried out step by step the delaying animated nuclear fuel. To prognosticate this act uses selective information obtained from lab experiments ; huge role is compete by the fresh fast computers . Hoyle and Fowler pattern by computer wait on energy in the star and traced its course. As an example, they took a star whose mass is three times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have brightness 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a life history of about 600 million year s.\n\nWe already know that in the usual course of thermonuclear reactions in the inner(a) of the star for almost all her life , heat content is reborn into helium. in one case a important portion of the substance will turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then born-again to type O and atomic number 10. Thus, the helium core begins to produce a heavier core group , consisting of two of these chemicals . straightaway the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction yield with pocket of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars core is ontogeny steadily. crunch star leads to compaction and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high tempe ratures, group O and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . exactly after a while the nub becomes even tighter temperature multiply , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is born-again by reactions and milligram and atomic number 14 . commandment atomic number 12 followed by electric discharge of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first overprotect , she already contained some iron-group metals . complete neutrons react with these metals , creating a life-threatening metal atoms - up to uracil - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\n yet thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. shopping mall starts to repress again and contraction go with by an increase in temperature.\n\n'